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Fan J, Yue L, Liu C, Rao B, Zhou G, Li A, Su B. Isolation of Fluorescent 2π-Aromatic 1,3-Disiladiboretenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:39-44. [PMID: 38117532 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we reported the isolation of 2π-aromatic disiladiboretenes (L2Si2B2Ph2) [L = ArC(NtBu)2, Ar = Ph (1), Mes (2)], which have been synthesized from the straightforward reduction of silylene-borane adducts (LSiX → BX2Ph) [X = Cl, Br] with potassium graphite (KC8). X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 and 2 revealed that the Si2B2 units are completely planar, and DFT calculations suggested delocalization of 2π-electrons over the Si2B2 rings. Moreover, their photophysical properties and reactivity toward sulfur were also investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Fan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ling Yue
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ce Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Bin Rao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guijiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Anyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Bochao Su
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Wang JW, Ma F, Jin T, He P, Luo ZM, Kupfer S, Karnahl M, Zhao F, Xu Z, Jin T, Lian T, Huang YL, Jiang L, Fu LZ, Ouyang G, Yi XY. Homoleptic Al(III) Photosensitizers for Durable CO 2 Photoreduction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:676-688. [PMID: 36538810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting noble-metal-free systems for high-performance photocatalytic CO2 reduction still presents a key challenge, partially due to the long-standing difficulties in developing potent and durable earth-abundant photosensitizers. Therefore, based on the very cheap aluminum metal, we have deployed a systematic series of homoleptic Al(III) photosensitizers featuring 2-pyridylpyrrolide ligands for CO2 photoreduction. The combined studies of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy as well as quantum chemical calculations demonstrate that in anerobic CH3CN solutions at room temperature, visible-light excitation of the Al(III) photosensitizers leads to an efficient population of singlet excited states with nanosecond-scale lifetimes and notable emission quantum yields (10-40%). The results of transient absorption spectroscopy further identified the presence of emissive singlet and unexpectedly nonemissive triplet excited states. More importantly, the introduction of methyl groups at the pyrrolide rings can greatly improve the visible-light absorption, reducing power, and durability of the Al(III) photosensitizers. With triethanolamine, BIH (1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole), and an Fe(II)-quaterpyridine catalyst, the most methylated Al(III) photosensitizer achieves an apparent quantum efficiency of 2.8% at 450 nm for selective (>99%) CO2-to-CO conversion, which is nearly 28 times that of the unmethylated one (0.1%) under identical conditions. The optimal system realizes a maximum turnover number of 10250 and higher robustness than the systems with Ru(II) and Cu(I) benchmark photosensitizers. Quenching experiments using fluorescence spectroscopy elucidate that the photoinduced electron transfer in the Al(III)-sensitized system follows a reductive quenching pathway. The remarkable tunability and cost efficiency of these Al(III) photosensitizers should allow them as promising components in noble-metal-free systems for solar fuel conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Tarragona43007, Spain
| | - Fan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Tarragona43007, Spain
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Fengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou515041, China
| | - Long Jiang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Li-Zhi Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
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3
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Portwich FL, Carstensen Y, Dasgupta A, Kupfer S, Wyrwa R, Görls H, Eggeling C, Dietzek B, Gräfe S, Wächtler M, Kretschmer R. A Highly Fluorescent Dinuclear Aluminium Complex with Near-Unity Quantum Yield. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117499. [PMID: 35107199 PMCID: PMC9313782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high natural abundance of aluminium makes the respective fluorophores attractive for various optical applications, but photoluminescence quantum yields above 0.7 have yet not been reported for solutions of aluminium complexes. In this contribution, a dinuclear aluminium(III) complex featuring enhanced photoluminescence properties is described. Its facile one-pot synthesis originates from a readily available precursor and trimethyl aluminium. In solution, the complex exhibits an unprecedented photoluminescence quantum yield near unity (Φabsolute 1.0±0.1) and an excited-state lifetime of 2.3 ns. In the solid state, J-aggregation and aggregation-caused quenching are noted, but still quantum yields of 0.6 are observed. Embedding the complex in electrospun non-woven fabrics yields a highly fluorescent fleece possessing a quantum yield of 0.9±0.04.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio L. Portwich
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Yves Carstensen
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Anindita Dasgupta
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Applied Optics and BiophysicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Ralf Wyrwa
- INNOVENT e. V. Technologieentwicklung JenaPrüssingstraße 27 B07745JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Applied Optics and BiophysicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 607745JenaGermany
- MRC Human Immunology UnitWeatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX39DSUK
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 607745JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 607745JenaGermany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (Fraunhofer IOF)Albert-Einstein-Str. 707745JenaGermany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 607745JenaGermany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
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4
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Ein stark fluoreszierender zweikerniger Aluminiumkomplex mit nahezu 100 %iger Quantenausbeute**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Lee VY, Sugasawa H, Gapurenko OA, Minyaev RM, Minkin VI, Gornitzka H, Sekiguchi A. 1-Chloroalumole. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Haruka Sugasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Olga A. Gapurenko
- Institute of Physical
and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov on Don 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Ruslan M. Minyaev
- Institute of Physical
and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov on Don 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I. Minkin
- Institute of Physical
and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov on Don 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Heinz Gornitzka
- CNRS, LCC, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 CEDEX 4 Toulouse, France
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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6
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Ito S, Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Molecular design and application of luminescent materials composed of group 13 elements with an aggregation-induced emission property. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab049. [PMID: 34691673 PMCID: PMC8288170 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Complexation of π-conjugated ligands by metal or semimetal ions leads to the enhancement of the planarity and rigidity of π-conjugated systems. Boron, especially, has played a central role in the design of luminescent main-group complexes. However, these complexes still suffer the disadvantage of aggregation-caused quenching as well as typical organic fluorophores. It has recently been reported that some types of boron complexes exhibit the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property. Moreover, AIE behavior from complexes and organometallic compounds composed of the other group 13 elements, such as aluminum and gallium, has emerged in this decade. These observations greatly encourage us to develop advanced functional materials based on the group 13 elements. Indeed, recent research has demonstrated that these classes of materials are potentially versatile scaffolds for constructing chromic luminophores, efficiently emissive π-conjugated polymers and so on. This review mainly describes AIE-active group 13 complexes with four-coordinate structures and their application as photo-functional materials. Proposed mechanisms of the origins of AIE behavior are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichiro Ito
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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7
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Drescher R, Ritschel B, Dewhurst RD, Deißenberger A, Hofmann A, Braunschweig H. Synthesis of novel six-, seven- and eight-membered aluminum-containing rings by alumole ring expansion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7505-7508. [PMID: 34236063 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02993b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of aluminacyclopentadienes, also known as alumoles, has experienced a resurgence in recent years, resulting in the preparation of a number of new entries in this class of compound. In contrast, their reactivity remains relatively unexplored. Thus far, their Lewis acid-base chemistry has been studied, as well as various ring-insertion reactions with unsaturated species such as alkynes and azides. Herein we present a range of new ring expansion reactions of an alumole with heteroatom-containing unsaturated species, providing novel six-, seven- and eight-membered cyclic products with high heteroatom content. Additionally, an unusual reaction was observed when the alumole was treated with morpholine-N-oxide, involving a stepwise insertion of two oxygen atoms, first into the exocyclic Al-C bond and then the endocyclic Al-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Drescher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany. and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Benedikt Ritschel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany. and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Rian D Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany. and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Andrea Deißenberger
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany. and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Alexander Hofmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany. and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany. and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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8
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Li J, Wu P, Jiang W, Li B, Wang B, Zhu H, Roesky HW. An Unusual and Facile Synthetic Route to Alumoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10027-10031. [PMID: 32160361 PMCID: PMC7318123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the aluminum dialkynyl LAl(CCR)2 (L=N,N‐chelate ligand and R=organic group) with B(C6F5)3 proceeds through an intermediate with Al⋅⋅⋅η2‐C≡C side‐on coordination to form the alumoles (2, 4, 6). A distinctive reaction pattern indicates a new facile synthetic route to aluminum‐containing heterocycles. The synthetic process is described, and the characterization of compounds and computational calculations were carried out. Furthermore, alumoles 2 and 4 exhibit an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) of the bright yellow fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institüt für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Drescher R, Lin S, Hofmann A, Lenczyk C, Kachel S, Krummenacher I, Lin Z, Braunschweig H. Ring expansion of alumoles with organic azides: selective formation of six-membered aluminum-nitrogen heterocycles. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5559-5564. [PMID: 32874499 PMCID: PMC7444475 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A cyclopentadienyl-substituted alumole is shown to undergo ring expansions with a series of organic azides, affording 1,2-azaaluminabenzenes either with or without an azo group.
Aside from simple Lewis acid–base chemistry, the reaction chemistry of aluminacyclopentadienes, which are commonly referred to as aluminoles or simply alumoles, remains relatively underdeveloped. To date, few attempts to extend their inherent insertion and cycloaddition reactivity to the construction of stable aluminum-containing heterocycles have been reported. Herein, we demonstrate the selective ring expansion of a cyclopentadienyl-substituted alumole with a series of organic azides to form unsaturated six-membered AlN heterocycles. Depending on the substituent on the azide, the reaction proceeds either with or without loss of dinitrogen, leading to incorporation of only the “NR” unit of the azide or the entire azo substituent into the periphery of the heterocycle. A deeper understanding of these ring expansion reactions is reached through computational studies, illustrating deviations in the mechanism as a function of the organic azide employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Drescher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Shujuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Alexander Hofmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Carsten Lenczyk
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Stephanie Kachel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
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