1
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Wang J, Curson ARJ, Zhou S, Carrión O, Liu J, Vieira AR, Walsham KS, Monaco S, Li CY, Dong QY, Wang Y, Rivera PPL, Wang XD, Zhang M, Hanwell L, Wallace M, Zhu XY, Leão PN, Lea-Smith DJ, Zhang YZ, Zhang XH, Todd JD. Alternative dimethylsulfoniopropionate biosynthesis enzymes in diverse and abundant microorganisms. Nat Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41564-024-01715-9. [PMID: 38862603 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an abundant marine organosulfur compound with roles in stress protection, chemotaxis, nutrient and sulfur cycling and climate regulation. Here we report the discovery of a bifunctional DMSP biosynthesis enzyme, DsyGD, in the transamination pathway of the rhizobacterium Gynuella sunshinyii and some filamentous cyanobacteria not previously known to produce DMSP. DsyGD produces DMSP through its N-terminal DsyG methylthiohydroxybutyrate S-methyltransferase and C-terminal DsyD dimethylsulfoniohydroxybutyrate decarboxylase domains. Phylogenetically distinct DsyG-like proteins, termed DSYE, with methylthiohydroxybutyrate S-methyltransferase activity were found in diverse and environmentally abundant algae, comprising a mix of low, high and previously unknown DMSP producers. Algae containing DSYE, particularly bloom-forming Pelagophyceae species, were globally more abundant DMSP producers than those with previously described DMSP synthesis genes. This work greatly increases the number and diversity of predicted DMSP-producing organisms and highlights the importance of Pelagophyceae and other DSYE-containing algae in global DMSP production and sulfur cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Andrew R J Curson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Shun Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ornella Carrión
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ji Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ana R Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Keanu S Walsham
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Serena Monaco
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing-Yu Dong
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peter Paolo L Rivera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Xiao-Di Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Libby Hanwell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Matthew Wallace
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Pedro N Leão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - David J Lea-Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Fiedler J, Trottmann F, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Hertweck C. Direct α-Hydroxy Acid Loading onto a Bacterial Thiotemplate Assembly Line via a Multienzyme Gateway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405165. [PMID: 38728443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Various nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) create structural and functional diversity by incorporating α-hydroxy acids into peptide backbones. Trigonic acid, an unusual cyclopropanol-substituted hydroxy acid, is the source of the molecular warhead of malleicyprol, a critical virulence factor of human and animal pathogens of the Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP) group. The process of selecting and loading this building block remained enigmatic as the NRPS module designated for this task is incomplete. Using a combination of bioinformatics, mutational analyses, targeted metabolomics, and in vitro biochemical assays, we show that two trans-acting enzymes are required to load this central building block onto the modular assembly line. An adenylation-thiolation didomain enzyme (BurJ) activates trigonic acid, followed by the translocation of the enzyme-bound α-hydroxy acid thioester by an FkbH-like protein with a mutated phosphatase domain (BurH). This specialized gateway is the first reported direct loading of an α-hydroxy acid onto a bona fide NRPS module in bacteria and expands the synthetic biology toolbox for the site-specific incorporation of non-canonical building blocks. Moreover, insight into the biochemical basis of virulence factor biosynthesis can provide a foundation for developing enzyme inhibitors as anti-virulence therapeutics against BP pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Fiedler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product, Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product, Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product, Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product, Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product, Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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3
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Little RF, Trottmann F, Hashizume H, Preissler M, Unger S, Sawa R, Kries H, Pidot S, Igarashi M, Hertweck C. Analysis of the Valgamicin Biosynthetic Pathway Reveals a General Mechanism for Cyclopropanol Formation across Diverse Natural Product Scaffolds. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:660-668. [PMID: 38358369 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cyclopropanol rings are highly reactive and may function as molecular "warheads" that affect natural product bioactivity. Yet, knowledge on their biosynthesis is limited. Using gene cluster analyses, isotope labeling, and in vitro enzyme assays, we shed first light on the biosynthesis of the cyclopropanol-substituted amino acid cleonine, a residue in the antimicrobial depsipeptide valgamicin C and the cytotoxic glycopeptide cleomycin A2. We decipher the biosynthetic origin of valgamicin C and show that the cleonine cyclopropanol ring is derived from dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Furthermore, we demonstrate that part of the biosynthesis is analogous to the formation of malleicyprol polyketides in pathogenic bacteria. By genome mining and metabolic profiling, we identify the potential to produce cyclopropanol rings in other bacterial species. Our results reveal a general mechanism for cyclopropyl alcohol biosynthesis across diverse natural products that may be harnessed for bioengineering and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory F Little
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hideki Hashizume
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Miriam Preissler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Unger
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ryuichi Sawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Analysis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Hajo Kries
- Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sacha Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Masayuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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4
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Li J, Todd J, Yu Z. The production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate by bacteria with mmtN linked to non-ribosomal peptide synthase gene. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37970872 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2283792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is a vital sulfur-containing compound with worldwide significance, serving as the primary precursor for dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a volatile sulfur compound that plays a role in atmospheric chemistry and influences the Earth's climate on a global scale. The study investigated the ability of four bacterial strains, namely Acidimangrovimonas sediminis MS2-2 (MS2-2), Hartmannibacter diazotrophicus E18T (E18T), Rhizobium lusitanum 22705 (22705), and Nitrospirillum iridis DSM22198 (DSM22198), to produce and degrade DMSP. These strains were assessed for their DMSP synthesis ability with the mmtN linked to non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) gene. The results showed that MS2-2, and E18T bacteria, which contained the mmtN but not linked to an NRPS gene, increased DMSP production with increasing salinity. The highest production of DMSP was achieved at 25 PSU when either methionine was added or low nitrogen conditions were present, yielding 1656.03 ± 41.04 and 265.59 ± 9.17 nmol/mg protein, respectively, and subsequently under the conditions of methionine addition or low nitrogen, both strains reached their maximum DMSP production at 25 PSU. Furthermore, the strains MS2-2, E18T, and 22705 with the mmtN gene but not linked to an NRPS gene were found to be involved in DMS production. This research contributes to the understanding of the genes involved in DMSP biosynthesis in bacteria that produce DMSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- RCEES-IMCAS-UCAS Joint-Lab of Microbial Technology for Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jonathan Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- RCEES-IMCAS-UCAS Joint-Lab of Microbial Technology for Environmental Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou City People's Republic of China
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5
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Yin X, Zhao M, Zhou Y, Yang H, Liao Y, Wang F. Optimized methyl donor and reduced precursor degradation pathway for seleno-methylselenocysteine production in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:215. [PMID: 37853389 PMCID: PMC10585787 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seleno-methylselenocysteine (SeMCys) is an effective component of selenium supplementation with anti-carcinogenic potential that can ameliorate neuropathology and cognitive deficits. In a previous study, a SeMCys producing strain of Bacillus subtilis GBACB was generated by releasing feedback inhibition by overexpression of cysteine-insensitive serine O-acetyltransferase, enhancing the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine as methyl donor by overexpression of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, and expressing heterologous selenocysteine methyltransferase. In this study, we aimed to improve GBACB SeMCys production by synthesizing methylmethionine as a donor to methylate selenocysteine and by inhibiting the precursor degradation pathway. RESULTS First, the performance of three methionine S-methyltransferases that provide methylmethionine as a methyl donor for SeMCys production was determined. Integration of the NmMmt gene into GBACB improved SeMCys production from 20.7 to 687.4 μg/L. Next, the major routes for the degradation of selenocysteine, which is the precursor of SeMCys, were revealed by comparing selenocysteine hyper-accumulating and non-producing strains at the transcriptional level. The iscSB knockout strain doubled SeMCys production. Moreover, deleting sdaA, which is responsible for the degradation of serine as a precursor of selenocysteine, enhanced SeMCys production to 4120.3 μg/L. Finally, the culture conditions in the flasks were optimized. The strain was tolerant to higher selenite content in the liquid medium and the titer of SeMCys reached 7.5 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS The significance of methylmethionine as a methyl donor for SeMCys production in B. subtilis is reported, and enhanced precursor supply facilitates SeMCys synthesis. The results represent the highest SeMCys production to date and provide insight into Se metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Ministry of Education), Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Meiyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Ministry of Education), Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Ministry of Education), Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hulin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Ministry of Education), Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Ministry of Education), Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China.
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China.
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Fenghuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Ministry of Education), Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China.
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China.
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng RD 11, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Abstract
Covering: from 2000 up to the very early part of 2023S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a naturally occurring trialkyl sulfonium molecule that is typically associated with biological methyltransfer reactions. However, SAM is also known to donate methylene, aminocarboxypropyl, adenosyl and amino moieties during natural product biosynthetic reactions. The reaction scope is further expanded as SAM itself can be modified prior to the group transfer such that a SAM-derived carboxymethyl or aminopropyl moiety can also be transferred. Moreover, the sulfonium cation in SAM has itself been found to be critical for several other enzymatic transformations. Thus, while many SAM-dependent enzymes are characterized by a methyltransferase fold, not all of them are necessarily methyltransferases. Furthermore, other SAM-dependent enzymes do not possess such a structural feature suggesting diversification along different evolutionary lineages. Despite the biological versatility of SAM, it nevertheless parallels the chemistry of sulfonium compounds used in organic synthesis. The question thus becomes how enzymes catalyze distinct transformations via subtle differences in their active sites. This review summarizes recent advances in the discovery of novel SAM utilizing enzymes that rely on Lewis acid/base chemistry as opposed to radical mechanisms of catalysis. The examples are categorized based on the presence of a methyltransferase fold and the role played by SAM within the context of known sulfonium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Daan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Byungsun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
- Division of Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Trottmann F, Fiedler J, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Little RF, Hertweck C. Bacterial Pathogen Channels Medium-Sized Fatty Acids into Malleicyprol Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1557-1563. [PMID: 37319349 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens of the Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP) group cause life-threatening infections in both humans and animals. Critical for the virulence of these often antibiotic-resistant pathogens is the polyketide hybrid metabolite malleicyprol, which features two chains, a short cyclopropanol-substituted chain and a long hydrophobic alkyl chain. The biosynthetic origin of the latter has remained unknown. Here, we report the discovery of novel overlooked malleicyprol congeners with varied chain lengths and identify medium-sized fatty acids as polyketide synthase (PKS) starter units that constitute the hydrophobic carbon tails. Mutational and biochemical analyses show that a designated coenzyme A-independent fatty acyl-adenylate ligase (FAAL, BurM) is essential for recruiting and activating fatty acids in malleicyprol biosynthesis. In vitro reconstitution of the BurM-catalyzed PKS priming reaction and analysis of ACP-bound building blocks reveal a key role of BurM in the toxin assembly. Insights into the function and role of BurM hold promise for the development of enzyme inhibitors as novel antivirulence therapeutics to combat infections with BP pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Fiedler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rory F Little
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Lopatniuk M, Riedel F, Wildfeuer J, Stierhof M, Dahlem C, Kiemer AK, Luzhetskyy A. Development of a Streptomyces-based system for facile thioholgamide library generation and analysis. Metab Eng 2023; 78:48-60. [PMID: 37142115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Derivatizing natural products (NPs) is essential in structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, compound optimization, and drug development. Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) represent one of the major classes of natural products. Thioholgamide represents thioamitide - a recently emerged family of RiPPs with unique structures and great potential in anticancer drug development. Although the method for generating the RiPP library by codon substitutions in the precursor peptide gene is straightforward, the techniques to perform RiPP derivatization in Actinobacteria remain limited and time-consuming. Here, we report a facile system for producing a library of randomized thioholgamide derivatives utilizing an optimized Streptomyces host. This technique enabled us to access all possible amino acid substitutions of the thioholgamide molecule, one position at a time. Out of 152 potential derivatives, 85 were successfully detected, revealing the impact of amino acid substitutions on thioholgamide post-translational modifications (PTMs). Moreover, new PTMs were observed among thioholgamide derivatives: thiazoline heterocycles, which have not yet been reported for thioamitides, and S-methylmethionine, which is very rare in nature. The obtained library was subsequently used for thioholgamide SAR studies and stability assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lopatniuk
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Florian Riedel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julia Wildfeuer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marc Stierhof
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Charlotte Dahlem
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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9
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Trottmann F, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Kries H, Groll M, Hertweck C. Pathogenic bacteria remodel central metabolic enzyme to build a cyclopropanol warhead. Nat Chem 2022; 14:884-890. [PMID: 35906404 PMCID: PMC9359912 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP) group pose a global health threat, causing the infectious diseases melioidosis, a common cause of pneumonia and sepsis, and glanders, a contagious zoonosis. A trait of BP bacteria is a conserved gene cluster coding for the biosynthesis of polyketides (malleicyprols) with a reactive cyclopropanol unit that is critical for virulence. Enzymes building this warhead represent ideal targets for antivirulence strategies but the biochemical basis of cyclopropanol formation is unknown. Here we describe the formation of the malleicyprol warhead. We show that BurG, an unusual NAD+-dependent member of the ketol-acid reductoisomerase family, constructs the strained cyclopropanol ring. Biochemical assays and a suite of eight crystal structures of native and mutated BurG with bound analogues and inhibitors provide snapshots of each step of the complex reaction mechanism, involving a concealed oxidoreduction and a C-S bond cleavage. Our findings illustrate a remarkable case of neofunctionalisation, where a biocatalyst from central metabolism has been evolutionarily repurposed for warhead production in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hajo Kries
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Protein Assemblies, Chemistry Department, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany. .,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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10
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Li C, Crack JC, Newton‐Payne S, Murphy ARJ, Chen X, Pinchbeck BJ, Zhou S, Williams BT, Peng M, Zhang X, Chen Y, Le Brun NE, Todd JD, Zhang Y. Mechanistic insights into the key marine dimethylsulfoniopropionate synthesis enzyme DsyB/DSYB. MLIFE 2022; 1:114-130. [PMID: 38817677 PMCID: PMC10989797 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Marine algae and bacteria produce approximately eight billion tonnes of the organosulfur molecule dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in Earth's surface oceans annually. DMSP is an antistress compound and, once released into the environment, a major nutrient, signaling molecule, and source of climate-active gases. The methionine transamination pathway for DMSP synthesis is used by most known DMSP-producing algae and bacteria. The S-directed S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent 4-methylthio-2-hydroxybutyrate (MTHB) S-methyltransferase, encoded by the dsyB/DSYB gene, is the key enzyme of this pathway, generating S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and 4-dimethylsulfonio-2-hydroxybutyrate (DMSHB). DsyB/DSYB, present in most haptophyte and dinoflagellate algae with the highest known intracellular DMSP concentrations, is shown to be far more abundant and transcribed in marine environments than any other known S-methyltransferase gene in DMSP synthesis pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrate in vitro activity of the bacterial DsyB enzyme from Nisaea denitrificans and provide its crystal structure in complex with SAM and SAH-MTHB, which together provide the first important mechanistic insights into a DMSP synthesis enzyme. Structural and mutational analyses imply that DsyB adopts a proximity and desolvation mechanism for the methyl transfer reaction. Sequence analysis suggests that this mechanism may be common to all bacterial DsyB enzymes and also, importantly, eukaryotic DSYB enzymes from e.g., algae that are the major DMSP producers in Earth's surface oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Yang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyMarine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong UniversityQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Jason C. Crack
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Structural BiochemistryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | | | | | - Xiu‐Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyMarine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong UniversityQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoShandongChina
| | | | - Shun Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Ming Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyMarine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Xiao‐Hua Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Nick E. Le Brun
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Structural BiochemistryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Jonathan D. Todd
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Yu‐Zhong Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyMarine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong UniversityQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoShandongChina
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11
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Insights into methionine S-methylation in diverse organisms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2947. [PMID: 35618717 PMCID: PMC9135737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an important marine anti-stress compound, with key roles in global nutrient cycling, chemotaxis and, potentially, climate regulation. Recently, diverse marine Actinobacteria, α- and γ-proteobacteria were shown to initiate DMSP synthesis via the methionine (Met) S-methyltransferase enzyme (MmtN), generating S-methyl-Met (SMM). Here we characterize a roseobacterial MmtN, providing structural and mechanistic insights into this DMSP synthesis enzyme. We propose that MmtN uses the proximity and desolvation mechanism for Met S-methylation with two adjacent MmtN monomers comprising the Met binding site. We also identify diverse functional MmtN enzymes in potentially symbiotic archaeal Candidatus Woesearchaeota and Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria, and the animalcule Adineta steineri, not anticipated to produce SMM and/or DMSP. These diverse MmtN enzymes, alongside the larger plant MMT enzyme with an N-terminus homologous to MmtN, likely utilize the same proximity and desolvation mechanism. This study provides important insights into the catalytic mechanism of SMM and/or DMSP production, and proposes roles for these compounds in secondary metabolite production, and SMM cycling in diverse organisms and environments. S-methyl methionine (SMM) is a key molecule in production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an important marine anti-stress compound, with roles in global nutrient cycling. Here, the authors determine the mechanism of SMM synthesis and uncover unexpected roles for SMM in archaea, CPR bacteria and animals.
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12
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Boysen AK, Durham BP, Kumler W, Key RS, Heal KR, Carlson L, Groussman RD, Armbrust EV, Ingalls AE. Glycine betaine uptake and metabolism in marine microbial communities. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2380-2403. [PMID: 35466501 PMCID: PMC9321204 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycine betaine (GBT) is a compatible solute in high concentrations in marine microorganisms. As a component of labile organic matter, GBT has complex biochemical potential as a substrate for microbial use that is unconstrained in the environment. Here we determine the uptake kinetics and metabolic fate of GBT in two natural microbial communities in the North Pacific characterized by different nitrate concentrations. Dissolved GBT had maximum uptake rates of 0.36 and 0.56 nM h−1 with half‐saturation constants of 79 and 11 nM in the high nitrate and low nitrate stations respectively. During multiday incubations, most GBT taken into cells was retained as a compatible solute. Stable isotopes derived from the added GBT were also observed in other metabolites, including choline, carnitine and sarcosine, suggesting that GBT was used for biosynthesis and for catabolism to pyruvate and ammonium. Where nitrate was scarce, GBT was primarily metabolized via demethylation to glycine. Gene transcript data were consistent with SAR11 using GBT as a source of methyl groups to fuel the methionine cycle. Where nitrate concentrations were higher, more GBT was partitioned for lipid biosynthesis by both bacteria and eukaryotic phytoplankton. Our data highlight unexpected metabolic pathways and potential routes of microbial metabolite exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Boysen
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Bryndan P Durham
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - William Kumler
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rebecca S Key
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Katherine R Heal
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Laura Carlson
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ryan D Groussman
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Anitra E Ingalls
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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13
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Little R, Trottmann F, Preissler M, Hertweck C. An intramodular thioesterase domain catalyses chain release in the biosynthesis of a cytotoxic virulence factor. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1121-1128. [PMID: 36128506 PMCID: PMC9428774 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00121g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bimodular PKS-NRPS BurA has two unusual non-C-terminal thioesterase domains. We show that the intramodular TE-B is responsible for the hydrolytic release of gonyol, an intermediate for the biosynthesis of the virulence factor malleicyprol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Little
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology HKI. Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology HKI. Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam Preissler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology HKI. Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology HKI. Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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14
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Ma S, Mandalapu D, Wang S, Zhang Q. Biosynthesis of cyclopropane in natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:926-945. [PMID: 34860231 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2012 to 2021Cyclopropane attracts wide interests in the fields of synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry, and chemical biology because of its unique structural and chemical properties. This structural motif is widespread in natural products, and is usually essential for biological activities. Nature has evolved diverse strategies to access this structural motif, and increasing knowledge of the enzymes forming cyclopropane (i.e., cyclopropanases) has been revealed over the last two decades. Here, the scientific literature from the last two decades relating to cyclopropane biosynthesis is summarized, and the enzymatic cyclopropanations, according to reaction mechanism, which can be grouped into two major pathways according to whether the reaction involves an exogenous C1 unit from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or not, is discussed. The reactions can further be classified based on the key intermediates required prior to cyclopropane formation, which can be carbocations, carbanions, or carbon radicals. Besides the general biosynthetic pathways of the cyclopropane-containing natural products, particular emphasis is placed on the mechanism and engineering of the enzymes required for forming this unique structure motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suze Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | | | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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15
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Little RF, Hertweck C. Chain release mechanisms in polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:163-205. [PMID: 34622896 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Review covering up to mid-2021The structure of polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide natural products is strongly influenced by how they are released from their biosynthetic enzymes. As such, Nature has evolved a diverse range of release mechanisms, leading to the formation of bioactive chemical scaffolds such as lactones, lactams, diketopiperazines, and tetronates. Here, we review the enzymes and mechanisms used for chain release in polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis, how these mechanisms affect natural product structure, and how they could be utilised to introduce structural diversity into the products of engineered biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory F Little
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Germany.
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Germany.
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16
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Tsunematsu Y, Maeda N, Sato M, Hara K, Hashimoto H, Watanabe K, Hertweck C. Specialized Flavoprotein Promotes Sulfur Migration and Spiroaminal Formation in Aspirochlorine Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:206-213. [PMID: 33351612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) are a class of ecologically and medicinally important cyclodipeptides bearing a reactive transannular disulfide bridge. Aspirochlorine, an antifungal and toxic ETP isolated from Aspergillus oryzae used in sake brewing, deviates from the common ETP scaffold owing to its unusual ring-enlarged disulfide bridge linked to a spiroaminal ring system. Although this disulfide ring system is implicated in the biological activity of ETPs the biochemical basis for this derailment has remained a mystery. Here we report the discovery of a novel oxidoreductase (AclR) that represents the first-in-class enzyme catalyzing both a carbon-sulfur bond migration and spiro-ring formation, and that the acl pathway involves a cryptic acetylation as a prerequisite for the rearrangement. Genetic screening in A. oryzae identified aclR as the candidate for the complex biotransformation, and the aclR-deficient mutant provided the biosynthetic intermediate, unexpectedly harboring an acetyl group. In vitro assays showed that AclR alone promotes 1,2-sulfamyl migration, elimination of the acetoxy group, and spiroaminal formation. AclR features a thioredoxin oxidoreductase fold with a noncanonical CXXH motif that is distinct from the CXXC in the disulfide forming oxidase for the ETP biosynthesis. Crystallographic and mutational analyses of AclR revealed that the CXXH motif is crucial for catalysis, whereas the flavin-adenine dinucleotide is required as a support of the protein fold, and not as a redox cofactor. AclR proved to be a suitable bioinformatics handle to discover a number of related fungal gene clusters that potentially code for the biosynthesis of derailed ETP compounds. Our results highlight a specialized role of the thioredoxin oxidoreductase family enzyme in the ETP pathway and expand the chemical diversity of small molecules bearing an aberrant disulfide pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Naoya Maeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Michio Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kodai Hara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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17
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Secondary metabolites from the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex: structure, ecology, and evolution. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:877-887. [PMID: 33052546 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites play important roles in promoting survival, though few have been carefully studied in their natural context. Numerous gene clusters code for secondary metabolites in the genomes of members of the Bptm group, made up of three closely related species with distinctly different lifestyles: the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, the non-pathogenic saprophyte Burkholderia thailandensis, and the host-adapted pathogen Burkholderia mallei. Several biosynthetic gene clusters are conserved across two or all three species, and this provides an opportunity to understand how the corresponding secondary metabolites contribute to survival in different contexts in nature. In this review, we discuss three secondary metabolites from the Bptm group: bactobolin, malleilactone (and malleicyprol), and the 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-alkylquinolines, providing an overview of each of their biosynthetic pathways and insight into their potential ecological roles. Results of studies on these secondary metabolites provide a window into how secondary metabolites contribute to bacterial survival in different environments, from host infections to polymicrobial soil communities.
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18
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Trottmann F, Ishida K, Franke J, Stanišić A, Ishida-Ito M, Kries H, Pohnert G, Hertweck C. Sulfonium Acids Loaded onto an Unusual Thiotemplate Assembly Line Construct the Cyclopropanol Warhead of a Burkholderia Virulence Factor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13511-13515. [PMID: 32314848 PMCID: PMC7496086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria of the Burkholderia pseudomallei group cause severe infectious diseases such as glanders and melioidosis. Malleicyprols were identified as important bacterial virulence factors, yet the biosynthetic origin of their cyclopropanol warhead has remained enigmatic. By a combination of mutational analysis and metabolomics we found that sulfonium acids, dimethylsulfoniumpropionate (DMSP) and gonyol, known as osmolytes and as crucial components in the global organosulfur cycle, are key intermediates en route to the cyclopropanol unit. Functional genetics and in vitro analyses uncover a specialized pathway to DMSP involving a rare prokaryotic SET‐domain methyltransferase for a cryptic methylation, and show that DMSP is loaded onto the NRPS‐PKS hybrid assembly line by an adenylation domain dedicated to zwitterionic starter units. Then, the megasynthase transforms DMSP into gonyol, as demonstrated by heterologous pathway reconstitution in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Trottmann
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleksa Stanišić
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mie Ishida-Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hajo Kries
- Junior Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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