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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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Dai W, Yang X, Lv K, Li L, Peng Y, Ma H, An Z. Modulating Heavy Atom Effect in Germylene for Persistent Room Temperature Phosphorescence. Chemistry 2024:e202401882. [PMID: 38820203 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
It is worth but still challenging to develop the low-valent main group compounds with persistent room temperature phosphorescence (pRTP). Herein, we presented germylene-based persistent phosphors by introduction of low-valent Ge center into chromophore. A novel phosphors CzGe and its series of derivatives, namely CzGeS, CzGeSe, CzGeAu, and CzGeCu, were synthesized. Experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the pRTP behavior were "turn on" due to the heavy atom effect of germylene. More importantly, the low-valent of oxidation state and structural traits propelled GeCz had a balance between the intersystem crossing and the shortening of lifetime caused by the heavy atoms, resulting the ultralong lifetime of 309 ms and phosphorescent quantum efficiency of 15.84 %, which is remarkable among heavy main group phosphors. This research provides valuable insights to the design of heavy atoms in phosphors and expand the applications of germylene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Xiaoang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Kaiqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yanbo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
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Agou T, Kuroiwa S, Fukumoto H, Nabeshima T. Synthesis and optical properties of antimony(V) complexes of a trianionic N 2O 2-type tetradentate dipyrrin ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4557-4560. [PMID: 38572576 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00630e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
LSbCl2, an air- and moisture-stable antimony(V)-dipyrrin complex at room temperature, was obtained by treating an excess amount (20 eq.) of SbCl3 with a trianionic N2O2-type tetradentate dipyrrin ligand (L) under visible-light irradiation and O2 atmosphere. The Cl ligands in LSbCl2 were replaced by OH ligands via hydrolysis, yielding LSb(OH)2. Further, the molecular structures and optical properties of the Sb(V)-dippyrin complexes were investigated. While LSbCl2 was non-fluorescent, LSb(OH)2 exhibited an intense red fluorescence with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 68%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Agou
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Kuroiwa
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Fukumoto
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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Shukla P, Nath Acharyya J, Mahawar P, Kumar H, Chandra Joshi P, Kumar Singh V, Vijaya Prakash G, Nagendran S. Germylenes Exhibiting Solid-State Emissions that Extend to NIR. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301486. [PMID: 37485580 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Low-valent main group compounds that fluoresce in the solid-state were previously unknown. To address this, we investigated room-temperature photoluminescence from a series of crystals of germylenes 3-8 in this article; they exhibited emissions nearly reaching the NIR. Germylene carboxylates (3-8) were synthesized by reacting dipyrromethene stabilized germylene pyrrolide (2) with carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, benzoic acid, p-cyanobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, and acetylsalicylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jitendra Nath Acharyya
- Nanophotonics Labs, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Pritam Mahawar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Prakash Chandra Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - G Vijaya Prakash
- Nanophotonics Labs, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Selvarajan Nagendran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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Chandra Joshi P, Kumar Singh V, Shukla P, Kumar H, Shukla J, Mahawar P, Singh D, Nagendran S. Aza-Dipyrrinate Stabilized Compounds with a Low-Valent Main Group Element. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300365. [PMID: 37347820 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of using aza-dipyrromethene (a-DPM) ligands to stabilize compounds containing low-valent main group elements is demonstrated through the isolation of germylenes, a-DPM(p-tol)GeCl (2), a-DPM(Naph)GeCl (6), and a-DPM(Naph)GeN(TMS)2 (7) (tol=tolyl, Naph=naphthyl). Because of the presence of the a-DPM ligand, these germylenes exhibit an absorption maximum at around 640 nm, a highly red-shifted value previously unknown for germylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandra Joshi
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Singh
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Pratima Shukla
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jyoti Shukla
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Pritam Mahawar
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Dharmendra Singh
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Selvarajan Nagendran
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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Menchikov LG, Popov AV. Physiological Activity of Trace Element Germanium including Anticancer Properties. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1535. [PMID: 37371629 PMCID: PMC10295216 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Germanium is an essential microelement, and its deficiency can result in numerous diseases, particularly oncogenic conditions. Consequently, water-soluble germanium compounds, including inorganic and coordination compounds, have attracted significant attention due to their biological activity. The review analyzes the primary research from the last decade related to the anticancer activity of germanium compounds. Furthermore, the review clarifies their actual toxicity, identifies errors and misconceptions that have contributed to the discrediting of their biological activity, and briefly suggests a putative mechanism of germanium-mediated protection from oxidative stress. Finally, the review provides clarifications on the discovery history of water-soluble organic germanium compounds, which was distorted and suppressed for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid G. Menchikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anatoliy V. Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Anatomy Chemistry Building, Rm 317, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Liu C, Dai Y, Han Q, Liu C, Su Y. Crystalline heaviest pnictogen-dipyrromethenes: isolation, characterization, and reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2161-2164. [PMID: 36727589 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05736k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The heaviest pnictogen-dipyrromethenes DPMPnCl2 (Pn = Sb, 3; Bi 4), which are direct analogues of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), have been readily prepared and isolated as crystalline solids. Both compounds display green photoluminescence with small full widths at half maximum in toluene. Moreover, the reduction of 3 with sodium metal afforded the cyclic dicoordinate stibinidene 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yuyang Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Qiqi Han
- Shanxi Supercomputing Center, Lvliang 033000, China
| | - Chunmeng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Dai Y, Bao M, Wang W, Xie Z, Liu C, Su Y. Crystalline
Germanium‐Dipyrromethene
Radicals: from a Delocalized Neutral to a Localized Cation. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Manling Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhuofeng Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Chunmeng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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Fedulin AI, Oprunenko YF, Karlov SS, Zaitseva GS, Zaitsev KV. Tetrylenes based on polydentate sulfur-containing ligands. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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