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Liu Q, van Bokhoven JA. Water structures on acidic zeolites and their roles in catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3065-3095. [PMID: 38369933 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00404j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The local reaction environment of catalytic active sites can be manipulated to modify the kinetics and thermodynamic properties of heterogeneous catalysis. Because of the unique physical-chemical nature of water, heterogeneously catalyzed reactions involving specific interactions between water molecules and active sites on catalysts exhibit distinct outcomes that are different from those performed in the absence of water. Zeolitic materials are being applied with the presence of water for heterogeneous catalytic reactions in the chemical industry and our transition to sustainable energy. Mechanistic investigation and in-depth understanding about the behaviors and the roles of water are essentially required for zeolite chemistry and catalysis. In this review, we focus on the discussions of the nature and structures of water adsorbed/stabilized on Brønsted and Lewis acidic zeolites based on experimental observations as well as theoretical calculation results. The unveiled functions of water structures in determining the catalytic efficacy of zeolite-catalyzed reactions have been overviewed and the strategies frequently developed for enhancing the stabilization of zeolite catalysts are highlighted. Recent advancement will contribute to the development of innovative catalytic reactions and the rationalization of catalytic performances in terms of activity, selectivity and stability with the presence of water vapor or in condensed aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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2
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Firuznia R, Jahanbakhsh A, Nazifi S, Ghasemi H. Hydrogen Solubility in Confined Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4702-4708. [PMID: 38377595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Confined water has demonstrated distinct structural and dynamic properties compared to bulk water. Although many studies have explored the water structure within simple geometries using materials such as carbon and silica, studies on gas solubility in confined water and the underlying physics of water structure-solubility remain limited. Recent research has illuminated the concept of "oversolubility", wherein gases display increased solubility within liquids confined in small pores compared to their bulk form. This study focuses on zeolites, naturally abundant materials with versatile applications, to study the hydrogen solubility within confined water through careful experimentation. Our findings underscore the relationship between the pore dimension and gas solubility enhancement within confined water. Hydrogen solubility is closely associated with the rearrangement of water molecules within the porous framework of the zeolite. Our research shows that a 2 nm pore size results in the greatest increase in hydrogen solubility in the water trapped inside the zeolite framework. The double donor-double acceptor (DDAA) bonds play a critical role in hydrogen solubility. Our research provides fundamental insight into the role of the molecular bonding type on hydrogen solubility in water, paving the way for potential applications in hydrogen storage and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojan Firuznia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Amirmohammad Jahanbakhsh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sina Nazifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Hadi Ghasemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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3
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Wang C, Chu Y, Xiong D, Wang H, Hu M, Wang Q, Xu J, Deng F. Water-Induced Micro-Hydrophobic Effect Regulates Benzene Methylation in Zeolite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313974. [PMID: 37934010 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Water is a ubiquitous component in heterogeneous catalysis over zeolites and can significantly influence the catalyst performance. However, the detailed mechanism insights into zeolite-catalyzed reactions under microscale aqueous environment remain elusive. Here, using multiple dimensional solid-state NMR experiments coupled with ultrahigh magic angle spinning technique and theoretical simulations, we establish a fundamental understanding of the role of water in benzene methylation over ZSM-5 zeolite under water vapor conditions. We show that water competes with benzene for the active sites of zeolite and facilitates the bimolecular reaction mechanism. The growth of water clusters induces a micro-hydrophobic effect in zeolite pores, which reorients benzene molecules and drives their interactions with surface methoxy species (SMS) on zeolite. We identify the formation and evolution of active SMS-Benzene complexes in a microscale aqueous environment and demonstrate that their accumulation in zeolite pores boosts benzene conversion and methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yueying Chu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Danfeng Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis and Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China) + These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis and Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China) + These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Min Hu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Deng
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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4
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Liu Q, Pfriem N, Cheng G, Baráth E, Liu Y, Lercher JA. Maximum Impact of Ionic Strength on Acid-Catalyzed Reaction Rates Induced by a Zeolite Microporous Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202208693. [PMID: 36317985 PMCID: PMC10107796 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The intracrystalline ionic environment in microporous zeolite can remarkably modify the excess chemical potential of adsorbed reactants and transition states, thereby influencing the catalytic turnover rates. However, a limit of the rate enhancement for aqueous-phase dehydration of alcohols appears to exist for zeolites with high ionic strength. The origin of such limitation has been hypothesized to be caused by the spatial constraints in the pores via, e.g., size exclusion effects. It is demonstrated here that the increase in turnover rate as well as the formation of a maximum and the rate drop are intrinsic consequences of the increasingly dense ionic environment in zeolite. The molecularly sized confines of zeolite create a unique ionic environment that monotonically favors the formation of alcohol-hydronium ion complexes in the micropores. The zeolite microporous environment determines the kinetics of catalytic steps and tailors the impact of ionic strength on catalytic rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Niklas Pfriem
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Guanhua Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Eszter Baráth
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University200062ShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
- Institute for Integrated CatalysisPacific Northwest National LaboratoryP.O. Box 999RichlandWA 99352USA
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5
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Importance of interface open circuit potential on aqueous hydrogenolytic reduction of benzyl alcohol over Pd/C. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7967. [PMID: 36575187 PMCID: PMC9794693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The open circuit potential (OCP) established by the quasi-equilibrated electrode reaction of H2 and H3O+(hydr.), complicates catalytic reactions significantly. The hydrogenolysis rate of benzylic alcohol on Pd/C increases 2-3 orders of magnitude with the pH decreasing from 7 to 0.6. The reaction follows a pathway of protonated benzyl alcohol dehydration to a benzylic carbenium ion, followed by a hydride addition to form toluene. The dehydration of protonated benzyl alcohol is kinetic relevent, thus, being enhanced at lower pH. The OCP stabilizes all cationic species in the elementary steps. Particularly, the initial state (benzyl alcohol oxonium ion) is less stabilized than the dehydration transition state and the product (benzylic carbenium), thus, lowering the free energy barrier of the rate-determining step. In accordance, the rate increased with increasingly negative OCP. Beside OCP, an external negative electric potential in an electrocatlaytic system was also demonstrated to enhance the rate in the same way.
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Potts DS, Jeyaraj VS, Kwon O, Ghosh R, Mironenko AV, Flaherty DW. Effect of Interactions between Alkyl Chains and Solvent Structures on Lewis Acid Catalyzed Epoxidations. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Potts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vijaya Sundar Jeyaraj
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ohsung Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Richa Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander V. Mironenko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David W. Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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A critical assessment of the roles of water molecules and solvated ions in acid-base-catalyzed reactions at solid-water interfaces. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)64032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Ding M, Shan BQ, Peng B, Zhou JF, Zhang K. Dynamic Pt-OH -·H 2O-Ag species mediate coupled electron and proton transfer for catalytic hydride reduction of 4-nitrophenol at the confined nanoscale interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7923-7936. [PMID: 35311880 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00673a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Generally, the catalytic transformation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) at heterogeneous metal surfaces follows a Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism when sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is used as the sacrificial reductant. Herein, with Pt-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles confined in dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres (DMSNs) as a model catalyst, we demonstrated that the conversion of 4-NP did not pass through the direct hydrogen transfer route with the hydride equivalents being supplied by borohydride via the bimolecular L-H mechanism, since Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with the use of isotopically labeled reactants (NaBD4 and D2O) showed that the final product of 4-AP was composed of protons (or deuterons) that originated from the solvent water (or heavy water). Combined characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the optical excitation and photoluminescence spectrum evidenced that the surface hydrous hydroxide complex bound to the metal surface (also called structural water molecules, SWs), due to the space overlap of p orbitals of two O atoms in SWs, could form an ensemble of dynamic interface transient states, which provided the alternative electron and proton transfer channels for selective transformation of 4-NP. The cationic Pt species in the Ag-Pt bimetallic catalyst mainly acts as a dynamic adsorption center to temporally anchor SWs and related reactants, and not as the active site for hydrogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Bing-Qian Shan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Jia-Feng Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China. .,Laboratoire de chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, P. R. China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
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10
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Potts DS, Bregante DT, Adams JS, Torres C, Flaherty DW. Influence of solvent structure and hydrogen bonding on catalysis at solid-liquid interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12308-12337. [PMID: 34569580 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00539a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Solvent molecules interact with reactive species and alter the rates and selectivities of catalytic reactions by orders of magnitude. Specifically, solvent molecules can modify the free energies of liquid phase and surface species via solvation, participating directly as a reactant or co-catalyst, or competitively binding to active sites. These effects carry consequences for reactions relevant for the conversion of renewable or recyclable feedstocks, the development of distributed chemical manufacturing, and the utilization of renewable energy to drive chemical reactions. First, we describe the quantitative impact of these effects on steady-state catalytic turnover rates through a rate expression derived for a generic catalytic reaction (A → B), which illustrates the functional dependence of rates on each category of solvent interaction. Second, we connect these concepts to recent investigations of the effects of solvents on catalysis to show how interactions between solvent and reactant molecules at solid-liquid interfaces influence catalytic reactions. This discussion demonstrates that the design of effective liquid phase catalytic processes benefits from a clear understanding of these intermolecular interactions and their implications for rates and selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Potts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Daniel T Bregante
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Jason S Adams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Chris Torres
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - David W Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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12
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Kumar G, Ren L, Pang Y, Li X, Chen H, Gulbinski J, Dauenhauer PJ, Tsapatsis M, Abdelrahman OA. Acid Sites of Phosphorus-Modified Zeosils. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Limin Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yutong Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jason Gulbinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, Maryland 20723, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Omar A. Abdelrahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Chen F, Shetty M, Wang M, Shi H, Liu Y, Camaioni DM, Gutiérrez OY, Lercher JA. Differences in Mechanism and Rate of Zeolite-Catalyzed Cyclohexanol Dehydration in Apolar and Aqueous Phase. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manish Shetty
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yuanshuai Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Donald M. Camaioni
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Oliver Y. Gutiérrez
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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