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Wróblewska A, Bak-Sypien II, Paluch P, Wielgus E, Zając J, Jeziorna A, Kaźmierski S, Potrzebowski MJ. Solvent-Free Mechanosynthesis of Oligopeptides by Coupling Peptide Segments of Different Lengths - Elucidating the Role of Cesium Carbonate in Ball Mill Processes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400177. [PMID: 38644348 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
We report an idea for the synthesis of oligopeptides using a solvent-free ball milling approach. Our concept is inspired by block play, in which it is possible to construct different objects using segments (blocks) of different sizes and lengths. We prove that by having a library of short peptides and employing the ball mill mechanosynthesis (BMMS) method, peptides can be easily coupled to form different oligopeptides with the desired functional and biological properties. Optimizing the BMMS process we found that the best yields we obtained when TBTU and cesium carbonate were used as reagents. The role of Cs2CO3 in the coupling mechanism was followed on each stage of synthesis by 1H, 13C and 133Cs NMR employing Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) techniques. It was found that cesium carbonate acts not only as a base but is also responsible for the activation of substrates and intermediates. The unique information about the BMMS mechanism is based on the analysis of 2D NMR data. The power of BMMS is proved by the example of different peptide combinations, 2+2, 3+2, 4+2, 5+2 and 4+4. The tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta- and octapeptides obtained under this project were fully characterized by MS and NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Wróblewska
- Division of Structural Studies, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Irena I Bak-Sypien
- Division of Structural Studies, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Paluch
- Division of Structural Studies, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wielgus
- Division of Structural Studies, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Justyna Zając
- Division of Structural Studies, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agata Jeziorna
- Division of Structural Studies, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kaźmierski
- Division of Structural Studies, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marek J Potrzebowski
- Division of Structural Studies, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
- Division of Structural Studies, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łódź, Poland
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2
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Traboni S, Esposito F, Ziaco M, Bedini E, Iadonisi A. A comprehensive solvent-free approach for the esterification and amidation of carboxylic acids mediated by carbodiimides. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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3
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Exner R, Cortezon-Tamarit F, Ge H, Pourzand C, Pascu SI. Unraveling the Chemistry of meso-Cl Tricarbocyanine Dyes in Conjugation Reactions for the Creation of Peptide Bonds. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:642-654. [PMID: 36573095 PMCID: PMC9782398 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tricarbocyanine dyes have become popular tools in life sciences and medicine. Their near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence makes them ideal agents for imaging of thick specimens or in vivo imaging, e.g., in fluorescence-guided surgery. Among other types of cyanine dyes, meso-Cl tricarbocyanine dyes have received a surge of interest, as it emerged that their high reactivity makes them inherently tumor-targeting. As such, significant research efforts have focused on conjugating these to functional moieties. However, the syntheses generally suffer from low yields. Hereby, we report on the reaction of meso-Cl dyes with a small selection of coupling reagents to give the corresponding keto-polymethines, potentially explaining low yields and the prevalence of monofunctionalized cyanine conjugates in the current state of the art of functional near-infrared dyes. We present the synthesis and isolation of the first keto-polymethine-based conjugate and present preliminary investigation in the prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145 by confocal microscopy and discuss changes to optical properties in biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger
M. Exner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down Road, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | | | - Haobo Ge
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down Road, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Charareh Pourzand
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Bath, Claverton Down
Road, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.,Centre
of Therapeutic Innovations, University of
Bath, Claverton Down
Road, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Sofia I. Pascu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down Road, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.,Centre
of Therapeutic Innovations, University of
Bath, Claverton Down
Road, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.,
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4
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Su J, Mo J, Chen X, Umanzor A, Zhang Z, Houk KN, Zhao J. Generation of Oxyphosphonium Ions by Photoredox/Cobaloxime Catalysis for Scalable Amide and Peptide Synthesis in Batch and Continuous‐Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Su
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Nan Mo
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Alexander Umanzor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Jiannan Zhao
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
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5
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Su J, Mo JN, Chen X, Umanzor A, Zhang Z, Houk KN, Zhao J. Generation of Oxyphosphonium Ions by Photoredox/Cobaloxime Catalysis for Scalable Amide and Peptide Synthesis in Batch and Continuous-Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112668. [PMID: 34783121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine-mediated deoxygenative nucleophilic substitutions, such as the Mitsunobu reaction, are of great importance in organic synthesis. However, the conventional protocols require stoichiometric oxidants to trigger the formation of the oxyphosphonium intermediates for the subsequent nucleophilic additions. Through dual catalysis of photoredox and cobaloxime, we realized a radical strategy for the catalytic formation of acyloxyphosphonium ions that enables direct amidation. The deoxygenative protocol exhibits a broad scope and has been used in the late-stage amidation of drug molecules. In addition to batch reactions, a continuous-flow reactor was developed, enabling rapid peptide synthesis on gram scale. The successful assembly of a tetrapeptide on the solid support further demonstrated the versatility of this photocatalytic system. Moreover, experimental and computational studies are consistent with the hypothesis of acyloxyphosphonium ions being formed as the key intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Su
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Nan Mo
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexander Umanzor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiannan Zhao
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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6
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Ren JW, Tong MN, Zhao YF, Ni F. Synthesis of Dipeptide, Amide, and Ester without Racemization by Oxalyl Chloride and Catalytic Triphenylphosphine Oxide. Org Lett 2021; 23:7497-7502. [PMID: 34553596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient triphenylphosphine oxide-catalyzed amidation and esterification for the rapid synthesis of a series of dipeptides, amides, and esters is described. This reaction is applicable to challenging couplings of hindered carboxylic acids with weakly nucleophilic amines or alcohols, giving the products in good yields (67-90%) without racemization. This system employs the highly reactive intermediate Ph3PCl2 as the activator of the carboxylate in a catalytic manner and drives the reaction to completion in a short reaction time (less than 10 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wei Ren
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Nan Tong
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Feng Ni
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
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