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Sun N, Singh S, Zhang H, Hermes I, Zhou Z, Schlicke H, Vaynzof Y, Lissel F, Fery A. Gold Nanoparticles with N-Heterocyclic Carbene/Triphenylamine Surface Ligands: Stable and Electrochromically Active Hybrid Materials for Optoelectronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400752. [PMID: 38774949 PMCID: PMC11304275 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Organic-hybrid particle-based materials are increasingly important in (opto)electronics, sensing, and catalysis due to their printability and stretchability as well as their potential for unique synergistic functional effects. However, these functional properties are often limited due to poor electronic coupling between the organic shell and the nanoparticle. N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) belong to the most promising anchors to achieve electronic delocalization across the interface, as they form robust and highly conductive bonds with metals and offer a plethora of functionalization possibilities. Despite the outstanding potential of the conductive NHC-metal bond, synthetic challenges have so far limited its application to the improvement of colloidal stabilities, disregarding the potential of the conductive anchor. Here, NHC anchors are used to modify redox-active gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with conjugated triphenylamines (TPA). The resulting AuNPs exhibit excellent thermal and redox stability benefiting from the robust NHC-gold bond. As electrochromic materials, the hybrid materials show pronounced color changes from red to dark green, a highly stable cycling stability (1000 cycles), and a fast response speed (5.6 s/2.1 s). Furthermore, TPA-NHC@AuNP exhibits an ionization potential of 5.3 eV and a distinct out-of-plane conductivity, making them a promising candidate for application as hole transport layers in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwei Sun
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Shivam Singh
- Chair for Emerging Electronic TechnologiesTechnical University of DresdenNöthnitzer Str. 6101187DresdenGermany
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Ilka Hermes
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Hendrik Schlicke
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Yana Vaynzof
- Chair for Emerging Electronic TechnologiesTechnical University of DresdenNöthnitzer Str. 6101187DresdenGermany
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- Hamburg University of TechnologyKasernenstraße 1221073HamburgGermany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- Chair for Physical Chemistry of Polymeric MaterialsTechnische Universität DresdenBergstraße 6601069DresdenGermany
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Nguyen DTH, Salek S, Shultz-Johnson LR, Bélanger-Bouliga M, Jurca T, Byers JC, Nazemi A. Poly(N-Heterocyclic Carbene)-Capped Alloy and Core-Shell AuAg Bimetallic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409800. [PMID: 38887177 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-stabilized metal nanoparticles (NPs) have recently attracted considerable attention. While most efforts in the field have been devoted to the development of NHC-tethered monometallic NPs and enhancing their stabilities under various conditions, their bimetallic counterparts are rare in the literature. Herein, we demonstrate that the covalent immobilization of Au and Ag atoms on polymerized NHCs is a powerful method to access bimetallic AuAg NPs. In addition, we show that while AuAg alloy NPs are often obtained via this method, the use of bimetallic polymeric substrates with lower Ag content, relative to Au, results in the formation of core-shell NPs with Au core and Ag shell. Application of these nanomaterials for oxygen reduction reaction is demonstrated with all materials exhibiting electrocatalytic activity. This work demonstrates for the first time that while bimetallic poly(NHC-metal)s are viable substrates to access NHC-stabilized bimetallic NPs, careful adjustment of metal content in the polymeric substrates can finetune the microstructure of the resulting NPs, i.e. alloy vs. core-shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diep T H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, NanoQAM, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Samaneh Salek
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, NanoQAM, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Lorianne R Shultz-Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformation Faculty Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA
| | - Marilyne Bélanger-Bouliga
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, NanoQAM, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry, Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformation Faculty Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA
| | - Joshua C Byers
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, NanoQAM, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, NanoQAM, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
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Cerra S, Carlini L, Salamone TA, Hajareh Haghighi F, Mercurio M, Pennacchi B, Sappino C, Battocchio C, Nottola S, Matassa R, Fratoddi I. Noble Metal Nanoparticles Networks Stabilized by Rod‐Like Organometallic Bifunctional Thiols. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cerra
- Department of Chemistry Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Laura Carlini
- Department of Sciences Roma Tre University Via della Vasca Navale 79 00146 Rome Italy
| | - Tommaso A. Salamone
- Department of Chemistry Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | | | - Martina Mercurio
- Department of Chemistry Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Beatrice Pennacchi
- Department of Chemistry Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Carla Sappino
- Department of Chemistry Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Chiara Battocchio
- Department of Sciences Roma Tre University Via della Vasca Navale 79 00146 Rome Italy
| | - Stefania Nottola
- Department of Anatomical Histological Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences Section of Human Anatomy Sapienza University of Rome Via A. Borelli 50 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Roberto Matassa
- Department of Anatomical Histological Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences Section of Human Anatomy Sapienza University of Rome Via A. Borelli 50 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Ilaria Fratoddi
- Department of Chemistry Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
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Nguyen DTH, Shultz LR, Jurca T, Nazemi A. Monomeric and Polymeric Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Tethered Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stability, and Catalytic Activity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3204-3215. [PMID: 36821834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have garnered significant attention as promising alternatives to thiols to stabilize metallic nanoparticles and planar surfaces. While most studies thus far have focused on NHC-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), as an ideal platform to investigate the role of NHCs in stabilizing such nanoparticles, their ability to protect more unstable coinage metal nanoparticles, such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), has been largely overlooked. This is despite the fact that AgNPs possess a much more sensitive optical response that, upon their enhanced stability, can broaden their scope of application in various fields, including nanomedicine and catalysis. In this study, the synthesis and use of monomeric and polymeric mesoionic NHC-Ag(I) complexes as precursors to mono- and multidentate NHC-tethered AgNPs are reported. The polymeric analog was obtained by first synthesizing a polymer, containing 1,2,3-triazole repeat units, employing the copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition click polymerization of monomers containing diazide- and dialkyne functional groups. Subsequent quaternization of the triazole moieties and Ag insertion yielded the target NHC-Ag-containing polymer. Using this polymer as well as its monomeric analog as substrates, AgNPs with either catenated networks of NHCs or monomeric NHCs were fabricated by their reduction using borane-tert-butylamine complex. Our stability studies demonstrate that while monomeric NHCs impart some degree of stability to AgNPs, particularly at elevated temperatures in aqueous as well as organic medium, their polymeric analogs further enhance their stability in acidic environment (pH = 2) and against glutathione (3 mM), as an example of a biologically relevant thiol, in aqueous media. To highlight the application of these NHC-functionalized AgNPs in catalysis, we explore the aqueous phase reduction of methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diep Thi Hong Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM, Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Lorianne R Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformation Faculty Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM, Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
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Wei Z, Price A, Wei K, Luo Q, Thanneeru S, Sun S, He J. Polymer N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands for Silver Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55227-55237. [PMID: 36459050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymer N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are a class of robust surface ligands to provide superior colloidal stability for metal nanoparticles (NPs) under various harsh conditions. We report a general method to prepare polymeric NHCs and demonstrate that these polymer NHC-AgNPs are stable against oxidative etching and show high peroxidase activity. We prepared three imidazolium-terminated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) (PMEO2MA) through atom-transfer radical polymerization with an imidazole-containing initiator. The imidazolium end group was further converted to NHC-Ag(I) in the presence of Ag2O at room temperature. Polymer NHC-Ag(I) can transmetalate to AgNPs through ligand exchange at the interface of oil/water within 2 min. All the three polymers can modify metal NPs, such as AgNPs, Ag nanowires, and AuNPs, providing excellent thermal, oxidative, and chemical stabilities for AgNPs. As an example, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, AgNPs modified by polymer NHCs were resistant against oxidative etching with a rate of ∼700 times slower than those grafted with thiolates. AgNPs modified by polymer NHCs also showed higher peroxidase activity, 4 times more active than those capped by citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 2 times more active than those with polymer thiolate. Our studies demonstrate a great potential of using polymer NHCs to stabilize metallic NPs for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Aleisha Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Kecheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island02912, United States
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Srinivas Thanneeru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Shouheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island02912, United States
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
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Liu T, Bai S, Zhang L, Hahn FE, Han YF. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Stabilized Metal Nanoparticles within Porous Organic Cages for Catalytic Applications. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac067. [PMID: 35673537 PMCID: PMC9166563 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuning the surface-embellishing ligands of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is a powerful strategy to modulate their morphology and surface electronic and functional features, impacting their catalytic activity and selectivity. In this work, we report the design and synthesis of a polytriazolium organic cage PIC-T, capable of stabilizing PdNPs within its discrete cavity. The obtained material (denoted Pd@PCC-T) is highly durable and monodispersed with narrow particle-size distribution of 2.06 ± 0.02 nm, exhibiting excellent catalytic performance and recyclability in the Sonogashira coupling and tandem reaction to synthesize benzofuran derivatives. Further investigation indicates that the modulation of N-heterocyclic carbene sites embedded in the organic cage has an impact on NPs’ catalytic efficiency, thus providing a novel methodology to design superior NP catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an710127, China
| | - Sha Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an710127, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an710127, China
| | - F Ekkehardt Hahn
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an710127, China
- Institut für Anorganicshe und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an710127, China
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Kaur G, Thimes RL, Camden JP, Jenkins DM. Fundamentals and applications of N-heterocyclic carbene functionalized gold surfaces and nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13188-13197. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Improved stability and higher degree of synthetic tunability has allowed N-heterocyclic carbenes to supplant thiols as ligands for gold surface functionalization. This review article summarizes the basic science and applications of NHCs on gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Thimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Jon P. Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - David M. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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