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Jamagne R, Power MJ, Zhang ZH, Zango G, Gibber B, Leigh DA. Active template synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39235620 PMCID: PMC11376342 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The active template synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures exploits the dual ability of various structural elements (metals or, in the case of metal-free active template synthesis, particular arrangements of functional groups) to serve as both a template for the organisation of building blocks and as a catalyst to facilitate the formation of covalent bonds between them. This enables the entwined or threaded intermediate structure to be covalently captured under kinetic control. Unlike classical passive template synthesis, the intercomponent interactions transiently used to promote the assembly typically do not 'live on' in the interlocked product, meaning that active template synthesis can be traceless and used for constructing mechanically interlocked molecules that do not feature strong binding interactions between the components. Since its introduction in 2006, active template synthesis has been used to prepare a variety of rotaxanes, catenanes and knots. Amongst the metal-ion-mediated versions of the strategy, the copper(I)-catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) remains the most extensively used transformation, although a broad range of other catalytic reactions and transition metals also provide effective manifolds. In metal-free active template synthesis, the recent discovery of the acceleration of the reaction of primary amines with electrophiles through the cavity of crown ethers has proved effective for forming an array of rotaxanes without recognition elements, including compact rotaxane superbases, dissipatively assembled rotaxanes and molecular pumps. This Review details the active template concept, outlines its advantages and limitations for the synthesis of interlocked molecules, and charts the diverse set of reactions that have been used with this strategy to date. The application of active template synthesis in various domains is discussed, including molecular machinery, mechanical chirality, catalysis, molecular recognition and various aspects of materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Jamagne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Martin J Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Germán Zango
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Benjamin Gibber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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2
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Saura-Sanmartin A. Interlocked polyynes towards stable carbynes. Nat Chem 2024; 16:154-156. [PMID: 38263383 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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3
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Patrick CW, Gao Y, Gupta P, Thompson AL, Parker AW, Anderson HL. Masked alkynes for synthesis of threaded carbon chains. Nat Chem 2024; 16:193-200. [PMID: 37973943 PMCID: PMC10849957 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyynes are chains of sp1 carbon atoms with alternating single and triple bonds. As they become longer, they evolve towards carbyne, the 1D allotrope of carbon, and they become increasingly unstable. It has been anticipated that long polyynes could be stabilized by supramolecular encapsulation, by threading them through macrocycles to form polyrotaxanes-but, until now, polyyne polyrotaxanes with many threaded macrocycles have been synthetically inaccessible. Here we show that masked alkynes, in which the C≡C triple bond is temporarily coordinated to cobalt, can be used to synthesize polyrotaxanes, up to the C68 [5]rotaxane with 34 contiguous triple bonds and four threaded macrocycles. This is the length regime at which the electronic properties of polyynes converge to those of carbyne. Cyclocarbons constitute a related family of molecular carbon allotropes, and cobalt-masked alkynes also provide a route to [3]catenanes and [5]catenanes built around cobalt complexes of cyclo[40]carbon and cyclo[80]carbon, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor W Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prakhar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony W Parker
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Dhindsa JS, Cotterill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron Difluoride Formazanates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208502. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S. Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Erin L. Cotterill
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michael Anghel
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
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5
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Dhindsa JS, Cotterrill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S Dhindsa
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Erin L. Cotterrill
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Michael Anghel
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- The University of Western Ontario Department of Chemistry 1151 Richmond St. N. N6A 5B7 London CANADA
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6
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Rashid S, Yoshigoe Y, Saito S. Phenanthroline based rotaxanes: recent developments in syntheses and applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11318-11344. [PMID: 35425043 PMCID: PMC9004258 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancements in the field of mechanically interlocked molecular systems (MIMs) has concurrently restructured the material chemistry frontiers and provided ample scope to explore new dimensions for applications and diversity creation. Among all these molecular entities, rotaxanes have a special locale and many research groups over the globe have contributed to their current niche in supramolecular chemistry. From refinements for better yielding synthetic strategies to their application oriented designs, this field has come a long way and is well inclined for further developments. In this review, we aim to document the contemporary developments in the synthesis of phenanthroline (phen) based rotaxanes. In addition to providing a comprehensive account of various subtypes of these rotaxanes and their stitching strategies, their applications, wherever discernible, will be duely highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Rashid
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Chemistry Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshigoe
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Chemistry Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Tokyo University of Science, Department of Chemistry Tokyo Japan
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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Patrick CW, Woods JF, Gawel P, Otteson CE, Thompson AL, Claridge TDW, Jasti R, Anderson HL. Polyyne [3]Rotaxanes: Synthesis via Dicobalt Carbonyl Complexes and Enhanced Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116897. [PMID: 34995402 PMCID: PMC9302669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
New strategies for synthesizing polyyne polyrotaxanes are being developed as an approach to stable carbyne “insulated molecular wires”. Here we report an active metal template route to polyyne [3]rotaxanes, using dicobalt carbonyl masked alkyne equivalents. We synthesized two [3]rotaxanes, both with the same C28 polyyne dumbbell component, one with a phenanthroline‐based macrocycle and one using a 2,6‐pyridyl cycloparaphenylene nanohoop. The thermal stabilities of the two rotaxanes were compared with that of the naked polyyne dumbbell in decalin at 80 °C, and the nanohoop rotaxane was found to be 4.5 times more stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor W Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Joseph F Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Claire E Otteson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tim D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Patrick CW, Woods JF, Gawel P, Otteson CE, Thompson AL, Claridge TDW, Jasti R, Anderson HL. Polyyne [3]rotaxanes: Synthesis via dicobalt carbonyl complexes and enhanced stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Harry Laurence Anderson
- University of Oxford Department of Chemistry 12 Mansfield RoadChemistry Research Laboratory OX1 3TA Oxford UNITED KINGDOM
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10
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Gauthier M, Waelès P, Coutrot F. Post-Synthetic Macrocyclization of Rotaxane Building Blocks. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100458. [PMID: 34811956 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although not often encountered, cyclic interlocked molecules are appealing molecular targets because of their restrained tridimensional structure which is related to both the cyclic and interlocked shapes. Interlocked molecules such as rotaxane building blocks may be good candidates for post-synthetic intramolecular cyclization if the preservation of the mechanical bond ensures the interlocked architecture throughout the reaction. This is obviously the case if the modification does not involve the cleavage of either the macrocycle's main chain or the encircled part of the axle. However, among the post-synthetic reactions, the chemical linkage between two reactive sites belonging to embedded elements of rotaxanes still consists of an underexploited route to interlocked cyclic molecules. This Review lists the rare examples of macrocyclization through chemical connection between reactive sites belonging to a surrounding macrocycle and/or an encircled axle of interlocked rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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11
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McHale CM, Karas LJ, Wang X, Wu JI, Miljanić OŠ. Cyclobenzoin Esters as Hosts for Thin Guests. Org Lett 2021; 23:2253-2257. [PMID: 33635676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotetrabenzoin esters can host terminal triple bonds of alkynes and nitriles in their cavities, as revealed by cocrystal structures of four such complexes. Within cyclotetrabenzoin cavities, π-clouds of triple bonds establish favorable and virtually equidistant interactions with the four aromatic walls of the cyclotetrabenzoin skeleton. Binding is selective for aliphatic nitriles and terminal alkynes, with their aromatic counterparts residing outside of the cyclotetrabenzoin cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corie M McHale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard #112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard #112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Xiqu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard #112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard #112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ognjen Š Miljanić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard #112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Anderson HL, Patrick CW, Scriven LM, Woltering SL. A Short History of Cyclocarbons. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Connor W. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lorel M. Scriven
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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