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Nelliyil RB, Mor J, Kolay S, Sharma SK. Capture of Volatile Iodine Gas and Identification of Adsorption Sites in the Pore Network of Unsubstituted Imidazole Linker-Incorporated Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49312-49320. [PMID: 37816158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of unsubstituted imidazole (Im) in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystallized in sodalite topology is proposed to improve gas capture and gas separation performance drastically. However, the incorporation of unsubstituted Im in ZIF-8 has remained challenging due to the thermodynamic instability of zinc and Im bonding in sodalite topology. We have incorporated up to 24.4 (mol %) Im linker in highly crystalline ZIF-8 with similar morphology and sodalite topology using a delayed linker addition strategy at room temperature. Im incorporation brings significant tuning to the pore architecture of ZIF-8, as confirmed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. The modifications in the pore architecture are primarily due to linker defects produced in the frameworks during crystallization and the elimination of steric hindrance due to the absence of a methyl group on Im. The Im-incorporated ZIF-8 shows significant enhancement in iodine capture as well as higher crystal structure stability under iodine vapor exposure as compared to pristine ZIF-8. Through ortho-positronium interaction with the adsorbed molecular iodine in the pore network of the frameworks, it is confirmed that iodine is preferentially adsorbed at cavity and intercrystalline voids, whereas aperture sites remain unoccupied by iodine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjith B Nelliyil
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Jaideep Mor
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Siddhartha Kolay
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Sharma
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
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2
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Peng D, Duan S, Feng X, Liu Z, Wang J, Li D, Zhang Y. Mixed-matrix membranes containing zero-dimension porphyrin-based complex for propylene/propane separation. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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3
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Chen ZY, Zhou RB, Wang RD, Su SL, Zhou F. Dual-crosslinked network of polyacrylamide-carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel promotes osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123788. [PMID: 36822291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we successfully designed a dual-crosslinked network hydrogel by introducing the monomers acrylamide (AM), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and alendronate (Aln). With the simultaneous presentation of physical and chemical crosslinks, the fabricated hydrogel with 10 % concentration of Aln@ZIF-8 (PAM-CMC-10%Aln@ZIF-8) exhibited excellent mechanical characteristics, high Aln loading efficiency (63.83 %), and a slow release period (6 d). These results demonstrate that PAM-CMC-10%Aln@ZIF-8 is a potential carrier for delaying Aln. In this study, we mainly focused on the biocompatibility and osteogenic ability of PAM-CMC-10%Aln@ZIF-8 in vitro, which is a continuation of our previous work. First, this study investigated the biocompatibility of dual-crosslinked hydrogels using calcein-AM/Propidium Iodide and cell counting kit-8. The morphology of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells was assessed using FITC-phalloidin/DAPI and vinculin immunostaining. Finally, osteogenic induction ability in vitro was assessed via alkaline phosphatase expression and alizarin red S staining, which was also confirmed using real-time PCR at the gene level and immunofluorescence at the protein level. The results indicated that the introduction of Aln enabled a dual-crosslinked hydrogel with superior biocompatibility and outstanding osteogenic differentiation ability in vitro, providing a solid foundation for subsequent animal experiments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Chen
- Peking University Third Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, China; Peking University Third Hospital, Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, China
| | - Ru-Bing Zhou
- Peking University Third Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, China; Peking University Third Hospital, Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, China
| | - Rui-Deng Wang
- Peking University Third Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, China; Peking University Third Hospital, Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, China
| | - Shi-Long Su
- Peking University Third Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, China; Peking University Third Hospital, Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Peking University Third Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, China.
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4
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Wang L, Xue W, Zhu H, Guo X, Huang H, Zhong C. Stepwise Engineering the Pore Aperture of a Cage-like MOF for the Efficient Separation of Isomeric C4 Paraffins under Humid Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218596. [PMID: 36596959 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The separation of isomeric C4 paraffins is an important task in the petrochemical industry, while current adsorbents undergo a trade-off relationship between selectivity and adsorption capacity. In this work, the pore aperture of a cage-like Zn-bzc (bzc=pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid) is tuned by the stepwise installation methyl groups on its narrow aperture to achieve both molecular-sieving separation and high n-C4 H10 uptake. Notably, the resulting Zn-bzc-2CH3 (bzc-2CH3 =3,5-dimethylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid) can sensitively capture n-C4 H10 and exclude iso-C4 H10 , affording molecular-sieving for n-C4 H10 /iso-C4 H10 separation and high n-C4 H10 adsorption capacity (54.3 cm3 g-1 ). Breakthrough tests prove n-C4 H10 /iso-C4 H10 can be efficiently separated and high-purity iso-C4 H10 (99.99 %) can be collected. Importantly, the hydrophobic microenvironment created by the introduced methyl groups greatly improves the stability of Zn-bzc and significantly eliminates the negative effect of water vapor on gas separation under humid conditions, indicating Zn-bzc-2CH3 is a new benchmark adsorbent for n-C4 H10 /iso-C4 H10 separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.,College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Handan University, Handan, 056005, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hejin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Chongli Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
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5
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Wang Y, Ban Y, Hu Z, Yang W. A LDH Template Triggers the Formation of a Highly Compact MIL-53 Metal-Organic Framework Membrane for Acid Upgrading. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302181. [PMID: 36812049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Highly compact metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes offer hope for the ambition to cope with challenging separation scenarios with industrial implications. A continuous layer of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoflakes on an alumina support as a template triggered a chemical self-conversion to a MIL-53 membrane, with approximately 8 hexagonal lattices (LDH) traded for 1 orthorhombic lattice (MIL-53). With the sacrifice of the template, the availability of Al nutrients from the alumina support was dynamically regulated, which resulted in synergy for producing membranes with highly compact architecture. The membrane can realize nearly complete dewatering from formic acid and acetic acid solutions, respectively, and maintain stability in a continuous pervaporation over 200 h. This is the first success in directly applying a pure MOF membrane to such a corrosive chemical environment (lowest pH value of 0.81). The energy consumption is saved by up to 77 % when compared with the traditional distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Weishen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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6
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Peng D, Feng X, Yang G, Niu X, Liu Z, Zhang Y. In-situ growth of silver complex on ZIF-8 towards mixed matrix membranes for propylene/propane separation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Feng X, Peng D, Shan M, Niu X, Zhang Y. Facilitated propylene transport in mixed matrix membranes containing
ZIF
‐8@Agmim core‐shell hybrid material. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Donglai Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- School of Material & Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou China
| | - Meixia Shan
- School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Xinpu Niu
- School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Yatao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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8
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Weakly pressure-dependent molecular sieving of propylene/propane mixtures through mixed matrix membrane with ZIF-8 direct-through channels. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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9
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Sun Y, Tian L, Qiao Z, Geng C, Guo X, Zhong C. Surface modification of bilayer structure on metal-organic frameworks towards mixed matrix membranes for efficient propylene/propane separation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Wang Z, Wang W, Zeng T, Ma D, Zhang P, Zhao S, Yang L, Zou X, Zhu G. Covalent-Linking-Enabled Superior Compatibility of ZIF-8 Hybrid Membrane for Efficient Propylene Separation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104606. [PMID: 34784648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interface is a critical issue for metal-organic-framework hybrid membranes in propylene separation. Here, a covalent-linking strategy is reported for strikingly reinforcing the interfacial compatibility in a ZIF-8-based membrane. A functionalized ZIF-8 material named ZIF-8-CN is synthesized using the mixed-ligand approach. ZIF-8-CN has an identical crystalline structure to ZIF-8, and the 4,5-dicyanoimidazole ligand is available for further functionalization. Covalent linkage of ZIF-8-CN with PIM-1 is driven by the thermal reaction of the cyano groups on both entities, which strengthens the filler-polymer connection in the ZIF-8-CN@tPIM-1 membrane. ZIF-8-CN@tPIM-1 exhibits remarkably enhanced propylene permeation property with C3 H6 /C3 H8 selectivity of ≈28, which is 350% and 180% higher than those on non-treated ZIF-8-CN/PIM-1 and non-functionalized ZIF-8@tPIM-1, respectively. Additionally, ZIF-8-CN@tPIM-1 shows the highest C3 H6 permeability of ≈370 Barrer among all relevant ZIF-8 membranes. This strategy opens an avenue for precise interface engineering in membranes and the resultant high performance is appealing in the propylene separation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Li Yang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zou
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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11
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Ma Y, Tang X, Chen M, Mishima A, Li L, Hori A, Wu X, Ding L, Kusaka S, Matsuda R. Design of a MOF based on octa-nuclear zinc clusters realizing both thermal stability and structural flexibility. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1139-1142. [PMID: 34981084 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An octa-nuclear zinc (Zn8) cluster-based two-fold interpenetrated metal-organic framework (MOF) of [(CH3)2NH2]2[Zn8O3(FDC)6]·7DMF (denoted as Zn8-as; H2FDC = 9H-fluorene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid; DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) was synthesized by the reaction of a hard base of a curved dicarboxylate ligand (H2FDC) with the borderline acid of Zn(II) under solvothermal conditions. Zn8-as shows significant crystal volume shrinkage upon heating, yielding a solvate-free framework of [(CH3)2NH2]2[Zn8O3(FDC)6] (Zn8-de). Zn8-de displays gated adsorption for C2H2 and type-I adsorption for CO2, attributed to the framework flexibility and the different interactions between the gas molecules and the host framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Ma
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China. .,Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China. .,Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China.
| | - Akio Mishima
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Liangchun Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Akihiro Hori
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an JiaoTong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Lifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an JiaoTong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Shinpei Kusaka
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Ryotaro Matsuda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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12
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Jeong Y, Kim S, Lee M, Hong S, Jang MG, Choi N, Hwang KS, Baik H, Kim JK, Yip ACK, Choi J. A Hybrid Zeolite Membrane-Based Breakthrough for Simultaneous CO 2 Capture and CH 4 Upgrading from Biogas. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2893-2907. [PMID: 34985249 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biogas is an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy resource that can substitute or complement conventional fossil fuels. For practical uses, biogas upgrading, mainly through the effective separation of CO2 (0.33 nm) and CH4 (0.38 nm), is required to meet the approximately 90-95% purity of CH4, while CO2 should be concomitantly purified. In this study, a high CO2 perm-selective zeolite membrane was synthesized by heteroepitaxially growing a chabazite (CHA) zeolite seed layer with a synthetic precursor that allowed the formation of all-silica deca-dodecasil 3 rhombohedral (DDR) zeolite (with a pore size of 0.36 × 0.44 nm2). The resulting hydrophobic DDR@CHA hybrid membrane on an asymmetric α-Al2O3 tube was thin (ca. 2 μm) and continuous, thus providing both high flux and permselectivity for CO2 irrespective of the presence or absence of water vapor (the third largest component in the biogas streams). To the best of our knowledge, the CO2 permeance of (2.9 ± 0.3) × 10-7 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 and CO2/CH4 separation factor of ca. 274 ± 73 at a saturated water vapor partial pressure of ca. 12 kPa at 50 °C have the highest CO2/CH4 separation performance yet achieved. Furthermore, we explored the membrane module properties of the hybrid membrane in terms of the recovery and purity of both CO2 and CH4 under dry and wet conditions. Despite the high intrinsic membrane properties of the current hybrid membrane, reflected by the high permeance and SF, the corresponding module properties indicated that high-performance separation of CO2 and CH4 for the desired biogas upgrading was achieved at a limited processing capacity. This supports the importance of understanding the correlation between the membrane and module properties, as this will provide guidance for the optimal operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghwan Jeong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejin Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Hong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gi Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Seon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul Center, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kuk Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex C K Yip
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jungkyu Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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