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Mashita T, Kowada T, Yamamoto H, Hamaguchi S, Sato T, Matsui T, Mizukami S. Quantitative control of subcellular protein localization with a photochromic dimerizer. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01654-w. [PMID: 38890432 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Artificial control of intracellular protein dynamics with high precision provides deep insight into complicated biomolecular networks. Optogenetics and caged compound-based chemically induced dimerization (CID) systems are emerging as tools for spatiotemporally regulating intracellular protein dynamics. However, both technologies face several challenges for accurate control such as the duration of activation, deactivation rate and repetition cycles. Herein, we report a photochromic CID system that uses the photoisomerization of a ligand so that both association and dissociation are controlled by light, enabling quick, repetitive and quantitative regulation of the target protein localization upon illumination with violet and green light. We also demonstrate the usability of the photochromic CID system as a potential tool to finely manipulate intracellular protein dynamics during multicolor fluorescence imaging to study diverse cellular processes. We use this system to manipulate PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)-Parkin-mediated mitophagy, showing that PINK1 recruitment to the mitochondria can promote Parkin recruitment to proceed with mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Mashita
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kowada
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hayashi Yamamoto
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshizo Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Matsui
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin Mizukami
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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2
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Wharton T, Crawshay-Williams F, Schober T, Floto RA, Spring DR. Unlocking Amides: A General Method for the Self-Immolative Release of Amide-Containing Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402267. [PMID: 38411326 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The controlled liberation of molecules from a constructed framework is a subject of profound interest across various chemical fields. It allows for the masking of a molecule's properties and precise deployment upon a single controllable release event. While numerous methodologies have been developed for amines, alcohols, and thiols, approaches for utilising amides as payload-release handles are still in their early stages of development, despite the prevalence of amides in therapeutic compounds and materials. Herein, is presented a comprehensive strategy for the controlled and selective release of a diverse range of amides with stable linkers. The versatility of this approach is demonstrated by its successful application in the targeted release of various amide-containing drugs in their natural form via the use of commonly used trigger motifs, such as dipeptides or glycosides. As a proof of concept, the FDA-approved antibiotic linezolid has been successfully converted into a prodrug form and released selectively only in the presence of the trigger event. Significantly, in its prodrug state, no activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was exhibited. Linezolid's full potential was achieved only upon controlled release, where an equipotent efficacy to the free linezolid control was demonstrated, thus emphasising the immense potential of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wharton
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1EW
| | - Felicity Crawshay-Williams
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0QH
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0BB
| | - Tim Schober
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1EW
- Enamine Germany, Industriepark Hoechst G837, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Lumobiotics GmbH, Auerstrasse 2, 76227, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Andres Floto
- University of Cambridge Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0QH
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0BB
| | - David R Spring
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK, CB2 1EW
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3
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Zhou C, He H, Chen X. Photoactivatable Nanobody Conjugate Dimerizer Temporally Resolves Tiam1-Rac1 Signaling Axis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307549. [PMID: 38225743 PMCID: PMC10953561 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The precise spatiotemporal dynamics of protein activities play a crucial role in cell signaling pathways. To control cellular functions in a spatiotemporal manner, a powerful method called photoactivatable chemically induced dimerization (pCID) is used. In this study, photoactivatable nanobody conjugate inducers of dimerization (PANCIDs) is introduced, which combine pCID with nanobody technology. A PANCID consists of a nanobody module that directly binds to an antigenic target, a photocaged small molecule ligand, and a cyclic decaarginine (cR10 *) cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) for efficient nonendocytic intracellular delivery. Therefore, PANCID photodimerizers also benefit from nanobodies, such as their high affinities (in the nm or pm range), specificities, and ability to modulate endogenous proteins. Additionally it is demonstrated that the nanobody moiety can be easily replaced with alternative ones, expanding the potential applications. By using PANCIDs, the dynamics of the Tiam1-Rac1 signaling cascade is investigated and made an interesting finding. It is found that Rac1 and Tiam1 exhibit distinct behaviors in this axis, acting as time-resolved "molecular oscillators" that transit between different functions in the signaling cascade when activated either slowly or rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Zhou
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Frontier BiotechnologiesThe HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS)Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Huiping He
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Frontier BiotechnologiesThe HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS)Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Frontier BiotechnologiesThe HIT Center for Life Sciences (HCLS)Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
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4
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Yu H, Wang S, Fu Y, Wagner M, Weil T, Liu S, Zhao W, Zhong F, Wu Y. Spatiotemporally Controlled Photolabeling of Genetically Unmodified Proteins in Live Cells. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1932-1940. [PMID: 38241704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Selective labeling of the protein of interest (POI) in genetically unmodified live cells is crucial for understanding protein functions and kinetics in their natural habitat. In particular, spatiotemporally controlled installation of the labels on a POI under light control without affecting their original activity is in high demand but is a tremendous challenge. Here, we describe a novel ligand-directed photoclick strategy for spatiotemporally controlled labeling of endogenous proteins in live cells. It was realized with a designer labeling reagent skillfully integrating the photochemistries of 2-nitrophenylpropyloxycarbonyl and 3-hydroxymethyl-2-naphthol with an affinity ligand. Highly electrophilic ortho-naphthoquinone methide was photochemically released and underwent a proximity coupling reaction with nucleophilic amino acid residues on the POI in live cells. With fluorescein as a marker, this photoclick strategy enables time-resolved labeling of carbonic anhydrase subtypes localized either on the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm and a discriminable visualization of their metabolic kinetics. Given the versatility underlined by facilely tethering other functional entities (e.g., biotin, a peptide short chain) via acylation or (in cell) Huisgen cycloaddition, this affinity-driven photoclick chemistry opens up enormous opportunities for discovering dynamic functions and mechanistic interrogation of endogenous proteins in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibin Yu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Weining Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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Sarkar HS, Mashita T, Kowada T, Hamaguchi S, Sato T, Kasahara K, Matubayasi N, Matsui T, Mizukami S. Arylazopyrazole-Based Photoswitchable Inhibitors Selective for Escherichia coli Dihydrofolate Reductase. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:340-346. [PMID: 36662098 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR) are crucial chemical biology tools that have widespread clinical applications. We developed a set of eDHFR-selective photoswitchable inhibitors by derivatizing the structure of our previously reported methotrexate (MTX) azolog, azoMTX. Substitution of the skeletal p-phenylene group of azoMTX with bulky bis-alkylated arylazopyrazole moieties significantly increased its selectivity toward eDHFR over human DHFR. Owing to the physical properties of arylazopyrazoles, the new ligands exhibited nearly complete Z-to-E photoconversion and high thermostability of Z-isomers. In addition, real-time photoreversible control of eDHFR activity was achieved by alternatively switching the illumination light wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri S Sarkar
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takato Mashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kowada
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshizo Sato
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kento Kasahara
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Matsui
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shin Mizukami
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
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6
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Yoshii T, Oki C, Tsukiji S. A photoactivatable self-localizing ligand with improved photosensitivity for chemo-optogenetic control of protein localization in living cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128865. [PMID: 35738351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Light-mediated control of protein localization in living cells is a powerful approach for manipulating and probing complex biological systems. By incorporating a classical 6-nitroveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC) caging group into the inner plasma membrane (PM)-localizing trimethoprim ligand, we recently developed a photoactivatable self-localizing ligand (paSL) that can rapidly recruit engineered Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase-fusion proteins from the cytoplasm to the PM upon violet (ca. 400 nm)-light illumination. However, because the photosensitivity of the NVOC-caged paSL is low to moderate, photouncaging experiments require high light intensity, which may not be ideal for many cell applications. Herein, we present a new 7-diethylaminocoumarin (DEAC)-caged paSL with improved photosensitivity. DEAC-caged paSL induced efficient protein recruitment upon violet-light irradiation, even at the low intensity under which NVOC-caged paSL does not respond. DEAC-caged paSL was insensitive to excitation light used to image green fluorescent proteins (GFPs), and it was applicable for simultaneous optical stimulation of Gαq signaling and fluorescence imaging of subsequent Ca2+ oscillations using a GFP-based Ca2+ biosensor in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Yoshii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Choji Oki
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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7
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Mizukami S. Development of Photoresponsive Probes to Investigate Cellular Functions. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:503-511. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Mizukami
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
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8
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Wang Y, Pan H, Mei D, Xu C, Weng W. Programmable motion control and trajectory manipulation of microparticles through tri-directional symmetrical acoustic tweezers. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1149-1161. [PMID: 35134105 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic tweezers based on travelling surface acoustic waves (TSAWs) have the potential for contactless trajectory manipulation and motion-parameter regulation of microparticles in biological and microfluidic applications. Here, we present a novel design of a tri-directional symmetrical acoustic tweezers device that enables the precise manipulation of linear, clockwise, and anticlockwise trajectories of microparticles. By switching the excitation combinations of interdigital electrodes (IDTs), various shape patterns of acoustic pressure fields can be formed to capture and steer microparticles accurately according to pre-defined trajectories. Numerical simulations and experimental tests were conducted in this study. By adjusting the input electric signals and the fluid's viscosity, the device is able to manipulate microparticles of various forms as well as brine shrimp egg cells with the accurate modulation of motion parameters. The results show that the proposed programmable design possesses low-cost, compact, non-contact, and high biocompatibility benefits, with the capacity to accurately manage microparticles in a range of motion trajectories, independent of their physical and/or chemical characteristics. Thus, our design has strong potential applications in chemical composition analysis, drug delivery, and cell assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hemin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Deqing Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Chengyao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wanyu Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Park SH, Kim S, Lee HS, Shin I. Real-Time Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Translocation of the Apoptosis-Inducing Factor in Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2462-2471. [PMID: 34694772 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria to the nucleus is crucial for AIF-mediated apoptosis. However, the lack of methods for real-time spatial and temporal analysis of translocation of functional AIF is a large hurdle to gain a detailed understanding of this process. In this study, a genetic code expansion technique was developed to overcome this hurdle. Specifically, this technique was utilized to construct ANAP-AIF containing a small fluorescent amino acid (ANAP) at a specific site in cells. Additionally, we developed efficient fluorescence resonance energy-transfer systems consisting of ANAP-AIF and either yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-fused cyclophilin A (CypA) or Hsp70, respective positive and negative regulators for AIF translocation to the nucleus. We found that apoptosis inducers, including apoptozole, 2-phenylethynesulfonamide (PES), myricetin, Bam7, reactivating p53 and inducing tumor apoptosis (RITA), brefeldin A, and carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) promote translocation of mitochondrial AIF to the cytosol after 4 h incubation, reaching a maximum after 6-7 h. However, these substances did not enhance AIF translocation to the nucleus through the interaction of AIF with Hsp70 in the cytosol. On the other hand, treatment with apoptosis inducers, such as paclitaxel, silibinin, doxorubicin, actinomycin D, and camptothecin caused AIF translocation to the nucleus after 4 h incubation through AIF binding to CypA, reaching saturation after 6-7 h. It was also found that Hsp70 and CypA regulate AIF translocation in a mutually exclusive manner because they do not interact with AIF simultaneously in cells undergoing apoptosis. The results demonstrate clearly that ANAP-incorporated proteins are powerful to obtain a more in-depth understanding of protein translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggil Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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