1
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Mukherjee D, Karmakar I, Brahmachari G. Electro- and Mechanochemical Strategy as a Dual Synthetic Approach for Biologically Relevant 3-Nitro-imidazo-[1,2- a]pyridines. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39145592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
We herein disclose a dual synthetic approach involving electrochemical and mechanochemical strategies for diversely functionalized 3-nitro-2-aryl-immidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. Both methods offer a practical and straightforward alternative route for accessing this important class of biologically promising nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Significant advantages of the newly developed methods include mild and energy-efficient reaction conditions, avoidance of transition metal catalysts, external heating and additional oxidants, shorter reaction times, good to excellent yields, broad substrate scope, gram-scale applicability, operational simplicity, and eco-friendliness. Furthermore, a synthetic application was extended by successfully reducing synthesized 3-nitro-2-aryl-immidazo[1,2-a]pyridines to their corresponding amino derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India
| | - Indrajit Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India
| | - Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India
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2
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Yue Y, Guo X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Bai R, Yi H, Liu J. Electrochemical Oxidation Enables Radical Dearomative Spiroannulation to 2H-Spiro[benzofuran-3,9'-fluoren]-2-one. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401303. [PMID: 38794842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Developing pragmatic strategies for accessing functional benzofuran-2-ones from 3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)benzofuran remains an enduring challenge. Herein, we have achieved a highly discriminating electrochemical oxidative dearomative spiroannulation of 3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)benzofuran, culminating in the synthesis of 2H-spiro[benzofuran-3,9'-fluoren]-2-one derivatives. By harnessing the electrophilic intermediates of benzofuryl radical cations supported by DFT calculations, we attain exceptional regioselectivity while eliminating the need for stoichiometric oxidants. Mechanistic investigations reveal a sequence of events involving the benzofuran radical cation, encompassing the capture of H2O, nucleophilic arene attack, and subsequent deprotonation, ultimately yielding the final benzofuran-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Jianhang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Qinghu Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
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3
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Huang Z, Yu Z, Guo Z, Shi P, Hu J, Deng H, Huang Z. Selective Cleavage of C β-O-4 Bond for Lignin Depolymerization via Paired-Electrolysis in an Undivided Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407750. [PMID: 38899860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The cleavage of C-O bonds is one of the most promising strategies for lignin-to-chemicals conversion, which has attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, current catalytic system capable of selectively breaking C-O bonds in lignin often requires a precious metal catalyst and/or harsh conditions such as high-pressure H2 and elevated temperatures. Herein, we report a novel protocol of paired electrolysis to effectively cleave the Cβ-O-4 bond of lignin model compounds and real lignin at room temperature and ambient pressure. For the first time, "cathodic hydrogenolysis of Cβ-O-4 linkage" and "anodic C-H/N-H cross-coupling reaction" are paired in an undivided cell, thus the cleavage of C-O bonds and the synthesis of valuable triarylamine derivatives could be simultaneously achieved in an energy-effective manner. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, high atom economy, remarkable yield with excellent chemoselectivity, and feasibility for large-scale synthesis. Mechanistic studies indicate that indirect H* (chemical absorbed hydrogen) reduction instead of direct electron transfer might be the pathway for the cathodic hydrogenolysis of Cβ-O-4 linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Huang
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Zhaogang Guo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Pingsen Shi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Deng
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, 430079, Wuhan, P. R. China
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4
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Ware SD, Zhang W, Guan W, Lin S, See KA. A guide to troubleshooting metal sacrificial anodes for organic electrosynthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5814-5831. [PMID: 38665512 PMCID: PMC11041367 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of reductive electrosynthetic reactions is often enabled by the oxidation of a sacrificial metal anode, which charge-balances the reductive reaction of interest occurring at the cathode. The metal oxidation is frequently assumed to be straightforward and innocent relative to the chemistry of interest, but several processes can interfere with ideal sacrificial anode behavior, thereby limiting the success of reductive electrosynthetic reactions. These issues are compounded by a lack of reported observations and characterization of the anodes themselves, even when a failure at the anode is observed. Here, we weave lessons from electrochemistry, interfacial characterization, and organic synthesis to share strategies for overcoming issues related to sacrificial anodes in electrosynthesis. We highlight common but underexplored challenges with sacrificial anodes that cause reactions to fail, including detrimental side reactions between the anode or its cations and the components of the organic reaction, passivation of the anode surface by an insulating native surface film, accumulation of insulating byproducts at the anode surface during the reaction, and competitive reduction of sacrificial metal cations at the cathode. For each case, we propose experiments to diagnose and characterize the anode and explore troubleshooting strategies to overcome the challenge. We conclude by highlighting open questions in the field of sacrificial-anode-driven electrosynthesis and by indicating alternatives to traditional sacrificial anodes that could streamline reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Ware
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Weiyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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5
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Liu K, Lei M, Li X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Fan W, Li MB, Zhang S. Paired electrocatalysis unlocks cross-dehydrogenative coupling of C(sp 3)-H bonds using a pentacoordinated cobalt-salen catalyst. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2897. [PMID: 38575564 PMCID: PMC10995126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-dehydrogenative coupling of C(sp3)-H bonds is an ideal approach for C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond construction. However, conventional approaches mainly rely on a single activation mode by either stoichiometric oxidants or electrochemical oxidation, which would lead to inferior selectivity in the reaction between similar C(sp3)-H bonds. Herein we describe our development of a paired electrocatalysis strategy to access an unconventional selectivity in the cross-dehydrogenative coupling of alcoholic α C(sp3)-H with allylic (or benzylic) C-H bonds, which combines hydrogen evolution reaction catalysis with hydride transfer catalysis. To maximize the synergistic effect of the catalyst combinations, a HER catalyst pentacoordinated Co-salen is disclosed. The catalyst displays a large redox-potential gap (1.98 V) and suitable redox potential. With the optimized catalyst combination, an electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling protocol features unconventional chemoselectivity (C-C vs. C-O coupling), excellent functional group tolerance (84 examples), valuable byproduct (hydrogen), and high regio- and site-selectivity. A plausible reaction mechanism is also proposed to rationalize the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Mengna Lei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Weigang Fan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Man-Bo Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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6
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Huang C, Tao Y, Cao X, Zhou C, Lu Q. Asymmetric Paired Electrocatalysis: Enantioselective Olefin-Sulfonylimine Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1984-1991. [PMID: 38113828 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric electrocatalysis offers exciting new strategies for the synthesis of chiral molecules through novel reaction pathways. However, simultaneous activation of reactants on both electrodes via asymmetric paired electrolysis, which is more energy efficient and economic than single half-electrode synthesis, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, an asymmetric olefin-sulfonylimine coupling via paired electrocatalysis is presented for the first time. In this protocol, Co-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer on the anode and Ni-catalyzed sulfonylimine reduction on the cathode were seamlessly cross-coupled. The new catalytic system enables the formation of chiral amine products bearing a tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenter with a high enantioselectivity (up to 96% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiyang Cao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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7
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Xiang F, Wang D, Xu K, Zeng CC. Paired Electrolysis Enabled Trifluoromethylheteroaromatization of Alkenes and Alkyne with Trifluoromethyl Thianthrenium Triflate (TT-CF 3+OTf -) as a Bifunctional Reagent. Org Lett 2024; 26:411-415. [PMID: 38147569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a strategic exploitation of trifluoromethyl thianthrenium triflate (TT-CF3+OTf-) as both electromediator and CF3 radical precursors for paired electrolysis. Enabled by this strategy, the three-component trifluoromethylheteroaromatization of alkenes and alkynes was realized. The superiority of TT-CF3+OTf- to other electrophilic CF3 reagents is attributed to the cathodic generation of thianthrene (TT) as a mediator, which shifts the heterogeneous oxidation of interest to a homogeneous one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xiang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dehui Wang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Cheng-Chu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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8
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Zhang X, Li Z, Chen H, Shen C, Wu H, Dong K. Pairing Electrocarboxylation of Unsaturated Bonds with Oxidative Transformation of Alcohol and Amine. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300807. [PMID: 37366066 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A parallel paired electrosynthetic method, coupling electrocarboxylation incorporating CO2 into ketone, imine, and alkene with alcohol oxidation or oxidative cyanation of amine, was developed for the first time. Various carboxylic acids as well as aldehyde/ketone or α-nitrile amine were prepared at the cathode and anode respectively in a divided cell. Its utility and merits on simultaneously achieving high atom-economic CO2 utilization, elevated faradaic efficiency (FE, total FE of up to 166 %), and broad substrate scope were demonstrated. The preparation of pharmaceutical intermediates for Naproxen and Ibuprofen via this approach proved its potential application in green organic electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Zonghan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hongshuai Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Chaoren Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Haihong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwu Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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9
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Liu X, Yang D, Liu Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang P, Cong H, Chen YH, Lu L, Qi X, Yi H, Lei A. Unraveling the Structure and Reactivity Patterns of the Indole Radical Cation in Regioselective Electrochemical Oxidative Annulations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3175-3186. [PMID: 36705997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation-induced strategy for inert chemical bond activation through highly active radical cation intermediate has exhibited unique reactivity. Understanding the structure and reactivity patterns of radical cation intermediates is crucial in the mechanistic study and will be beneficial for developing new reactions. In this work, the structure and properties of indole radical cations have been revealed using time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, in situ electrochemical UV-vis, and in situ electrochemical electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to explain and predict the regioselectivity of several electrochemical oxidative indole annulations. Based on the understanding of the inherent properties of several indole radical cations, two different regioselective annulations of indoles have been successfully developed under electrochemical oxidation conditions. Varieties of furo[2,3-b]indolines and furo[3,2-b]indolines were synthesized in good yields with high regioselectivities. Our mechanistic insights into indole radical cations will promote the further development of oxidation-induced indole functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Dali Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yunkun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yichang Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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10
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Karmakar P, Karmakar I, Pal D, Das S, Brahmachari G. Electrochemical Regioselective C( sp2)-H Selenylation and Sulfenylation of Substituted 2-Amino-1,4-naphthoquinones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1049-1060. [PMID: 36599149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward and efficient electrochemical method for regioselective C(sp2)-H selenylation and sulfenylation of substituted 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones has been unearthed. This oxidative cross-coupling reaction avoids using transition metal catalysts, oxidants, and high temperatures. The other notable advantages of this protocol are the tolerance of diverse functional groups, mild reaction conditions at ambient temperature, energy efficiency, good to excellent yields, short reaction times (in minutes), gram-scale applicability, and eco-friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Debopam Pal
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Suravi Das
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
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11
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He T, Liang C, Huang S. Cobalt-electrocatalytic C-H hydroxyalkylation of N-heteroarenes with trifluoromethyl ketones. Chem Sci 2022; 14:143-148. [PMID: 36605737 PMCID: PMC9769098 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl carbinols and N-heteroarenes are both prevalent in bioactive molecules. However, access to high-value pharmacophores combining these two functional groups still remains a challenge. Herein, we report an electro-chemical redox-neutral coupling for the synthesis of N-heteroaryl trifluoromethyl carbinols from readily available N-heteroarenes and trifluoromethyl ketones. The reaction starts with reversing the polarity of ketones to nucleophilic ketyl radicals through an electrocatalytic proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), followed by radical addition to heteroarenes and rearomatization to afford tertiary alcohol products. Importantly, the merging of paired electrolysis and cobalt catalysis is crucial to this regioselective C-H hydroxyalkylation of heteroarenes, and thus avoids several known competing pathways including the spin-center shift (SCS) process. Collectively, this protocol provides straightforward access to heteroaryl trifluoromethyl carbinols, featuring ideal atom economy, excellent regioselectivity, and paired redox-neutral electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
| | - Chaoqiang Liang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
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12
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Michael KH, Su ZM, Wang R, Sheng H, Li W, Wang F, Stahl SS, Jin S. Pairing of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Electrosynthetic Reactions Enabled by a Redox Reservoir Electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22641-22650. [PMID: 36451553 PMCID: PMC9900757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Paired electrolysis methods are appealing for chemical synthesis because they generate valuable products at both electrodes; however, development of such reactions is complicated by the need for both half-reactions to proceed under mutually compatible conditions. Here, a modular electrochemical synthesis (ModES) strategy bypasses these constraints using a "redox reservoir" (RR) to pair electrochemical half-reactions across aqueous and nonaqueous solvents. Electrochemical oxidation reactions in organic solvents, the conversion of 4-t-butyltoluene to benzylic dimethyl acetal and aldehyde in methanol or the oxidative C-H amination of naphthalene in acetonitrile, and the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide in water were paired using nickel hexacyanoferrate as an RR that can selectively store and release protons (and electrons) while serving as the counter electrode for these reactions. Selective proton transport through the RR is optimized and confirmed to enable the ion balance, and thus the successful pairing, between redox half-reactions that proceed with different rates, on different scales, and in different solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, and water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn H. Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Hongyuan Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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13
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The synergism of sequential paired electrosynthesis with halogen bonding activation for the cyclization of organochlorides with olefins. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Paired electrosynthesis in the CH3CN/CHal4 system: a one-pot procedure for diarylamines and N,N’-diarylbenzidines halogenation. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Reibarkh M, Ji Y, Rodrigues VL, Wang H, Lam YH, Vickery TP, Armstrong BM, Mattern KA, Stone K, Wismer MK, Singh AN, Regalado EL, Maloney KM, Strotman NA. Kilo-Scale Electrochemical Oxidation of a Thioether to a Sulfone: A Workflow for Scaling up Electrosynthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas P. Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brittany M. Armstrong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Keith A. Mattern
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering and Design, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew N. Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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16
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Sun Y, Wang J, Qi Y, Li W, Wang C. Efficient Electrooxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Using Co-Doped Ni 3 S 2 Catalyst: Promising for H 2 Production under Industrial-Level Current Density. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200957. [PMID: 35426484 PMCID: PMC9189636 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Replacing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by electrooxidations of organic compounds has been considered as a promising approach to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of the electrolytic water splitting proces. Developing efficient electrocatalysts with low potentials and high current densities is crucial for the large-scale productions of H2 and other value-added chemicals. Herein, non-noble metal electrocatalysts Co-doped Ni3 S2 self-supported on a Ni foam (NF) substrate are prepared and used as catalysts for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation reaction (HMFOR) under alkaline aqueous conditions. For HMFOR, the Co0.4 NiS@NF electode achieves an extremely low onset potential of 0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and records a large current density of 497 mA cm-2 at 1.45 V versus RHE for HMFOR. During the HMFOR-assisted H2 production, the yield rates of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and H2 in a 10 mL electrolyte containing 10 × 10-3 M HMF are 330.4 µmol cm-2 h-1 and 1000 µmol cm-2 h-1 , respectively. The Co0.4 NiS@NF electrocatalyst displays a good cycling durability toward HMFOR and can be used for the electrooxidation of other biomass-derived chemicals. The findings present a facile route based on heteroatom doping to fabricate high-performance catalyses that can facilitate the industrial-level H2 production by coupling the conventional HER cathodic processes with HMFOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous MaterialsInstitute for New Energy Materials & Low‐Carbon TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University of TechnologyTianjin300384P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous MaterialsInstitute for New Energy Materials & Low‐Carbon TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University of TechnologyTianjin300384P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous MaterialsInstitute for New Energy Materials & Low‐Carbon TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University of TechnologyTianjin300384P. R. China
| | - Wenjiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric DevicesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University of TechnologyTianjin300384P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous MaterialsInstitute for New Energy Materials & Low‐Carbon TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University of TechnologyTianjin300384P. R. China
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17
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Wang K, Liu X, Yang S, Tian Y, Zhou M, Zhou J, Jia X, Li B, Liu S, Chen J. In Situ Alkyl Radical Recycling-Driven Decoupled Electrophotochemical Deamination. Org Lett 2022; 24:3471-3476. [PMID: 35546086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular electrophotocatalysis has emerged as a powerful strategy for the development of sustainable synthetic protocols. With the proof-of-concept, we exploited a versatile electrophotocatalytic deaminative alkylation approach. Mechanistic investigation indicated that in situ recycling of the alkyl radicals was the key point. Notably, ligand modification and late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals were also established, highlighting its feasibility in practical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
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18
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Yang J, Zeng T, Yan K, Qin Z, Wen J. Direct Synthesis of Alkylthioimidazoles: One‐Pot Three‐Component Cross‐Coupling Mediated by Paired Electrolysis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjing Yang
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University 273165 Qufu Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zeng
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University 273165 Qufu Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Kelu Yan
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University 273165 Qufu Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghui Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangtze Normal University Fuling 408000 Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Wen
- Institute of Medicine and Materials Applied Technologies College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University 273165 Qufu Shandong People's Republic of China
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19
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Zhou HJ, Huang JM. Hydropyridylation of α,β-Unsaturated Esters through Electroreduction of 4-Cyanopyridine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5328-5338. [PMID: 35385272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild and highly efficient method for the hydropyridylation of α,β-unsaturated esters has been developed. This protocol provides the products smoothly with a wide substrate scope in an undivided cell under ambient conditions. Moreover, studies showed that the scope could be extended to other unsaturated compounds, including enones and aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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20
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Hatch CE, Martin MI, Gilmartin PH, Xiong L, Beam DJ, Yap GPA, Von Bargen MJ, Rosenthal J, Chain WJ. Electrochemically Mediated Oxidation of Sensitive Propargylic Benzylic Alcohols. Org Lett 2022; 24:1423-1428. [PMID: 35148118 PMCID: PMC9097598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of sensitive propargylic benzylic alcohols having varying substituents is reported. We describe the preparation and characterization of N-hydroxytetrafluorophthalimide (TFNHPI) and pseudo-high-throughput development of a green electrochemical oxidation protocol for sensitive propargylic benzylic alcohols that employs TFNHPI as a stable electrochemical mediator. The electrochemical oxidation of propargylic benzylic alcohols was leveraged to develop short synthetic pathways for preparing gram quantities of resveratrol natural products such as pauciflorols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hatch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Maxwell I Martin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Philip H Gilmartin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Lu Xiong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Danielle J Beam
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Matthew J Von Bargen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - William J Chain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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21
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Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetische molekulare Photoelektrochemie: neue synthetische Anwendungen, mechanistische Einblicke und Möglichkeiten zur Skalierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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22
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Baidya M, Mallick S, De Sarkar S. Regioselective Synthesis of N2-Aryl 1,2,3-Triazoles via Electro-oxidative Coupling of Enamines and Aryldiazonium Salts. Org Lett 2022; 24:1274-1279. [PMID: 35112868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic route for the construction of N2-aryl 1,2,3-triazoles is reported via sequential C-N bond formation and electro-oxidative N-N coupling under metal-free conditions. Readily accessible 2-aminoacrylates and aryldiazonium salts were used as starting materials, and the developed protocol displays excellent functional group tolerance, allowing an extensive range of substrate scope up to 91% isolated yield. Various mechanistic studies, along with the isolation of an intermediate adduct, refer to successive ionic and radical reaction sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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23
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Nayek N, Karmakar P, Mandal M, Karmakar I, Brahmachari G. Photochemical and electrochemical regioselective cross-dehydrogenative C(sp 2)–H sulfenylation and selenylation of substituted benzo[ a]phenazin-5-ols. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The essence of photo- and electrochemistry: sulfenylation and selenylation of substituted benzo[a]phenazin-5-ols through cross-dehydrogenative C(sp2)–H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Nayek
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Pintu Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Mullicka Mandal
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
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24
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McKenzie ECR, Hosseini S, Petro AGC, Rudman KK, Gerroll BHR, Mubarak MS, Baker LA, Little RD. Versatile Tools for Understanding Electrosynthetic Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3292-3335. [PMID: 34919393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, green alternative to traditional organic methods. Understanding the mechanisms is not trivial yet is necessary to optimize reaction processes. To this end, a multitude of analytical tools is available to identify and quantitate reaction products and intermediates. The first portion of this review serves as a guide that underscores electrosynthesis fundamentals, including instrumentation, electrode selection, impacts of electrolyte and solvent, cell configuration, and methods of electrosynthesis. Next, the broad base of analytical techniques that aid in mechanism elucidation are covered in detail. These methods are divided into electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic, microscopic, and computational. Technique selection is dependent on predicted reaction pathways and electrogenerated intermediates. Often, a combination of techniques must be utilized to ensure accuracy of the proposed model. To conclude, future prospects that aim to enhance the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C R McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Seyyedamirhossein Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ana G Couto Petro
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kelly K Rudman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin H R Gerroll
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - R Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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25
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Krueger R, Moeller KD. Capitalizing on Mediated Electrolyses for the Construction of Complex, Addressable Molecular Surfaces. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15847-15865. [PMID: 34617752 PMCID: PMC8802379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemists are beginning to exploit electrochemical methods in increasingly creative ways. This is leading to a surge in productivity that is only now starting to take advantage of the full-potential of electrochemistry for accessing new structures in novel, more efficient ways. In this perspective, we provide insight into the potential of electrochemistry as a synthetic tool gained through studies of both direct anodic oxidation reactions and more recent indirect methods, and highlight how the development of new electrochemical methods can expand the nature of synthetic problems our community can tackle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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26
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Okamoto K, Nagahara S, Imada Y, Narita R, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Hydrosilane-Mediated Electrochemical Reduction of Amides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15992-16000. [PMID: 34152146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of amides was achieved by using a hydrosilane without any toxic or expensive metals. The key reactive ketyl radical intermediate was generated by cathodic reduction. Continuous reaction with anodically generated silyl radicals or zinc bromide resulted in chemoselective deoxygenation to give the corresponding amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shingo Nagahara
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Risako Narita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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27
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Guan Z, Zhu S, Yang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Bu F, Cong H, Alhumade H, Zhang H, Lei A. Electrochemically selective double C(sp 2)-X (X = S/Se, N) bond formation of isocyanides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14121-14125. [PMID: 34760196 PMCID: PMC8565391 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of C(sp2)-X (X = B, N, O, Si, P, S, Se, etc.) bonds has drawn growing attention since heteroatomic compounds play a prominent role from biological to pharmaceutical sciences. The current study demonstrates the C(sp2)-S/Se and C(sp2)-N bond formation of one carbon of isocyanides with thiophenols or disulfides or diselenides and azazoles simultaneously. The reported findings could provide access to novel multiple isothioureas, especially hitherto rarely reported selenoureas. The protocol showed good atom-economy and step-economy with only hydrogen evolution and theoretical calculations accounted for the stereoselectivity of the products. Importantly, the electrochemical reaction could exclusively occur at the isocyano part regardless of the presence of susceptible radical acceptors, such as a broad range of arenes and alkynyl moieties, even alkenyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxiang Zhu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yankai Yang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia.,Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China .,National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 Jiangxi P. R. China.,King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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Ma C, Fang P, Liu D, Jiao KJ, Gao PS, Qiu H, Mei TS. Transition metal-catalyzed organic reactions in undivided electrochemical cells. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12866-12873. [PMID: 34745519 PMCID: PMC8514006 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed organic electrochemistry is a rapidly growing research area owing in part to the ability of metal catalysts to alter the selectivity of a given transformation. This conversion mainly focuses on transition metal-catalyzed anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction and great progress has been achieved in both areas. Typically, only one of the half-cell reactions is involved in the organic reaction while a sacrificial reaction occurs at the counter electrode, which is inherently wasteful since one electrode is not being used productively. Recently, transition metal-catalyzed paired electrolysis that makes use of both anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction has attracted much attention. This perspective highlights the recent progress of each type of electrochemical reaction and relatively focuses on the transition metal-catalyzed paired electrolysis, showcasing that electrochemical reactions involving transition metal catalysis have advantages over conventional reactions in terms of controlling the reaction activity and selectivity and figuring out that transition metal-catalyzed paired electrolysis is an important direction of organic electrochemistry in the future and offers numerous opportunities for new and improved organic reaction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ke-Jin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pei-Sen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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