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Ai L, Zhao Z, Song X, Tang Y, Li Y, Wang X, Bi H, Yuan Y, Qiu J. An Oriented Diffusion Strategy to Configure All-Region Ultrahigh-Density Metal Single Atoms for High-Capacity Sodium Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2412592. [PMID: 39380405 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202412592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom metals (SAMs), despite being promising for high-utilization catalysis, biomedicine, and energy storage, usually suffer from limited catalytic performance caused by low metal loading. Herein, via an oriented diffusion strategy, all-region ultrahigh-loading (18.9 wt.%) Sn-SAMs over carbon nanorings matrix (Sn-SAMs@CNR) are initially achieved based on the transformation of a g-C3N4@SnO2@polydopamine ring-like nested structure. The formation process of Sn-SAMs involves a critical conversion from oxygen-coordination (SnO2) to nitrogen-coordination (Sn-N4) and simultaneous anti-Osterwalder ripening promoted under spatial confinement. Notably, the g-C3N4-derived N-containing gaseous intermediates dynamically drive the oriented diffusion (inside-out diffusion) of Sn-SAMs across the carbon nanorings, realizing an all-region ultrahigh loading of SAMs throughout the carbon matrix. This strategy is also applied to other metal materials (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Sb), and features excellent universality. When applied as the anode for sodium-ion batteries, experimental analyses and theoretical calculations demonstrate that high-loading Sn-N4 active sites significantly optimize electron density distribution and improve reaction kinetics. Consequently, Sn-SAMs@CNR exhibits outstanding durability of 364 mAh g-1 even after 5000 cycles with an impressively low (0.00068%) capacity decay per cycle. This work opens up a universally new avenue for all-region ultrahigh loading of SAMs to carbon matrix for high-performance energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishen Ai
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Zongbin Zhao
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Xuedan Song
- School of Chemistry, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Yongchao Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Xuzhen Wang
- School of Chemistry, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Honghui Bi
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Yanbing Yuan
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Gupta P, Akhtar N, Begum W, Rana B, Kalita R, Chauhan M, Thadhani C, Manna K. Metal-Organic Framework-Supported Mono Bipyridyl-Iron Hydroxyl Catalyst for Selective Benzene Hydroxylation into Phenol. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11907-11916. [PMID: 38850244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol is more appealing in the industry for the economic and environmentally friendly phenol synthesis than the conventional cumene process. We have developed a UiO-metal-organic framework (MOF)-supported mono bipyridyl-Iron(II) hydroxyl catalyst [bpy-UiO-Fe(OH)2] for the selective benzene hydroxylation into phenol using H2O2 as the oxidant. The heterogeneous bpy-UiO-Fe(OH)2 catalyst showed high activity and remarkable phenol selectivity of 99%, giving the phenol mass-specific activity up to 1261 mmolPhOHgFe-1 h-1 at 60 °C. Bpy-UiO-Fe(OH)2 is significantly more active and selective than its homogeneous counterpart, bipyridine-Fe(OH)2. This enhanced catalytic activity of bpy-UiO-Fe(OH)2 over its homogeneous control is attributed to the active site isolation of the bpy-Fe(OH)2 moiety by the solid MOF that prevents intermolecular decomposition. Moreover, the exceptional selectivity of bpy-UiO-Fe(OH)2 in benzene to phenol conversion is originated via shape-selective catalysis, where the confined reaction space within the porous UiO-MOF prevents the formation of larger overoxidized products such as hydroquinone or benzoquinone, leading to the formation of only smaller-sized phenol after monohydroxylation of benzene. Spectroscopic and controlled experiments and theoretical calculations elucidated the reaction pathway, in which the in situ generated •OH radical mediated by bpy-UiO-FeII(OH)2 is the key species for benzene hydroxylation. This work underscores the significance of MOF-supported earth-abundant metal catalysts for sustainable production of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorvi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Naved Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Wahida Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bharti Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Rahul Kalita
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Manav Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chhaya Thadhani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kuntal Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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3
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Yin S, Li Y, Yang J, Liu J, Yang S, Cheng X, Huang H, Huang R, Wang CT, Jiang Y, Sun S. Unveiling Low Temperature Assembly of Dense Fe-N 4 Active Sites via Hydrogenation in Advanced Oxygen Reduction Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404766. [PMID: 38567502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The single-atom Fe-N-C is a prominent material with exceptional reactivity in areas of sustainable energy and catalysis research. It is challenging to obtain the dense Fe-N4 site without the Fe nanoparticles (NPs) sintering during the Fe-N-C synthesis via high-temperature pyrolysis. Thus, a novel approach is devised for the Fe-N-C synthesis at low temperatures. Taking FeCl2 as Fe source, a hydrogen environment can facilitate oxygen removal and dichlorination processes in the synthesis, efficiently favouring Fe-N4 site formation without Fe NPs clustering at as low as 360 °C. We shed light on the reaction mechanism about hydrogen promoting Fe-N4 formation in the synthesis. By adjusting the temperature and duration, the Fe-N4 structural evolution and site density can be precisely tuned to directly influence the catalytic behaviour of the Fe-N-C material. The FeNC-H2-360 catalyst demonstrates a remarkable Fe dispersion (8.3 wt %) and superior acid ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.85 V and a peak power density of 1.21 W cm-2 in fuel cell. This method also generally facilitates the synthesis of various high-performance M-N-C materials (M=Fe, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ru) with elevated single-atom loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yanrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Center of Advanced Electrochemical Energy, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shuangli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chong-Tai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, Haikou, 571158, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shigang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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Li S, Wang H, Qiu C, Ren J, Peng Y, Liu Y, Dong F, Bian Z. Electronic structure regulation of Fe single atom coordinated nitrogen doping MoS 2 catalyst enhances the Fenton-like reaction efficient for organic pollutant control. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133756. [PMID: 38350322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
An efficient cathode for a Fenton-like reaction based on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has significant implications for the potential application of the advanced oxidation process. However, the low H2O2 selectivity and efficient activation remain challenging in wastewater treatment. In the present study, a single Fe atom doped, nitrogen-coordinated molybdenum disulfide (Fe1/N/MoS2) cathode that exhibited asymmetric wettability and self-absorption molecular oxygen was successfully prepared for pollutant degradation. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure of Fe1N3 in the Fe1/N/MoS2 catalyst were determined. The electronic structure demonstrated favorable H2O2 selectivity (75%) in a neutral solution and the cumulative hydroxyl radical concentration was 14 times higher than the pure carbon felt. After 10 consecutive reaction experiments, the removal ratio of paracetamol still reached 97%, and the catalytic performance did not decrease significantly. This work deeply understands the catalytic mechanism of Fenton-like reaction between single Fe atom and MoS2 double reaction sites, and proves that the regulation of the electronic structure of Fe single atom is an effective strategy to improve the activity of Fenton-like reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Congcong Qiu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiyin Peng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fangyuan Dong
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhaoyong Bian
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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5
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Qiao H, Zheng L, Hu S, Tang G, Suo H, Liu C. Facile low-temperature supercritical carbonization method to prepare high-loading nickel single atom catalysts for efficient photodegradation of tetracycline. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:373-384. [PMID: 38135403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental photocatalysis is a promising technology for treating antibiotics in wastewater. In this study, a supercritical carbonization method was developed to synthesize a single-atom photocatalyst with a high loading of Ni (above 5 wt.%) anchored on a carbon-nitrogen-silicate substrate for the efficient photodegradation of a ubiquitous environmental contaminant of tetracycline (TC). The photocatalyst was prepared from an easily obtained metal-biopolymer-inorganic supramolecular hydrogel, followed by supercritical drying and carbonization treatment. The low-temperature (300°C) supercritical ethanol treatment prevents the excessive structural degradation of hydrogel and greatly reduces the metal clustering and aggregation, which contributed to the high Ni loading. Atomic characterizations confirmed that Ni was present at isolated sites and stabilized by Ni-N and Ni-O bonds in a Ni-(N/O)6C/SiC configuration. A 5% Ni-C-Si catalyst, which performed the best among the studied catalysts, exhibited a wide visible light response with a narrow bandgap of 1.45 eV that could efficiently and repeatedly catalyze the oxidation of TC with a conversion rate of almost 100% within 40 min. The reactive species trapping experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) tests demonstrated that the h+, and ·O2- were mainly responsible for TC degradation. The TC degradation mechanism and possible reaction pathways were provided also. Overall, this study proposed a novel strategy to synthesize a high metal loading single-atom photocatalyst that can efficiently remove TC with high concentrations, and this strategy might be extended for synthesis of other carbon-based single-atom catalysts with valuable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qiao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiwen Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gang Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongri Suo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chongxuan Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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6
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Su T, Cai C. Ball-milled prepared Fe 3O 4-Fe SAs-NPs@NC catalyst synergistically facilitate the generation of reactive oxygen species for oxidative trifluoromethylation of alkenes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 655:199-207. [PMID: 37939404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts have recently regarded as a promising chose for the thermally-driven generation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) through catalytic reactions with molecular oxygen, which can facilitate this process by specific geometric and electronic structure. However, the oxidative trifluoromethylation of alkenes to α-trifluoromethylated ketones by CF3SO2Na is rarely reported in this system. In this work, we report a one-pot polymerization ball milling strategy to construct precursor, and then pyrolyze it to obtain specific carbon nanotubes matrix with Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles and single atoms Fe. Remarkably, the optimized catalyst (Fe3O4-FeSAs-NPs@NC-1) displays excellent catalytic performance, broad substrates and recyclability for this fluorination reaction via radical pathway. Based on characterizations and mechanistic studies, we discover that the coexistence of Fe/Fe3O4 and Fe-Nx not only synergistically facilitates the catalytic efficiency in altering the electronic structure of Fe sites, but also benefits the absorption of O2 and the ability of the thermally-driven generating ROS which can activate CF3SO2Na to CF3 radical. This work offers a method of designing Fe-based catalysts and also opens up a new thermal-heterogeneous catalysis way for the oxidative trifluoromethylation of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Chun Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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7
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Shen T, Song Z, Li J, Bai S, Liu G, Sun X, Li S, Chen W, Zheng L, Song YF. Enabling Specific Benzene Oxidation by Tuning the Adsorption Behavior on Au Loaded MgAl Layered Double Hydroxides. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303420. [PMID: 37312653 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct and selective oxidation of benzene to phenol is a long-term goal in industry. Although great efforts have been made in homogenous catalysis, it still remains a huge challenge to drive this reaction via heterogeneous catalysts under mild conditions. Herein, a single-atom Au loaded MgAl-layered double hydroxide (Au1 -MgAl-LDH) with a well-defined structure, in which the Au single atoms are located on the top of Al3+ with Au-O4 coordination as revealed by extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure (EXAFS)and density-functional theory (DFT)calculation is reported. The photocatalytic results prove the Au1 -MgAl-LDH is capable of driving benzene oxidation reaction with O2 in water, and exhibits a high selectivity of 99% for phenol. While contrast experiment shows a ≈99% selectivity for aliphatic acid with Au nanoparticle loaded MgAl-LDH (Au-NP-MgAl-LDH). Detailed characterizations confirm that the origin of the selectivity difference can be attributed to the profound adsorption behavior of substrate benzene with Au single atoms and nanoparticles. For Au1 -MgAl-LDH, single Au-C bond is formed in benzene activation and result in the production of phenol. While for Au-NP-MgAl-LDH, multiple AuC bonds are generated in benzene activation, leading to the crack of CC bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ziheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Sha Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Guihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shaoquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Quzhou Institute for Innovation in Resource Chemical Engineering, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Quzhou Institute for Innovation in Resource Chemical Engineering, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, 324000, P. R. China
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8
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Jin H, Zhou K, Zhang R, Cui H, Yu Y, Cui P, Song W, Cao C. Regulating the electronic structure through charge redistribution in dense single-atom catalysts for enhanced alkene epoxidation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2494. [PMID: 37120431 PMCID: PMC10148878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-site interaction in densely populated single-atom catalysts has been demonstrated to have a crucial role in regulating the electronic structure of metal atoms, and consequently their catalytic performances. We herein report a general and facile strategy for the synthesis of several densely populated single-atom catalysts. Taking cobalt as an example, we further produce a series of Co single-atom catalysts with varying loadings to investigate the influence of density on regulating the electronic structure and catalytic performance in alkene epoxidation with O2. Interestingly, the turnover frequency and mass-specific activity are significantly enhanced by 10 times and 30 times with increasing Co loading from 5.4 wt% to 21.2 wt% in trans-stilbene epoxidation, respectively. Further theoretical studies reveal that the electronic structure of densely populated Co atoms is altered through charge redistribution, resulting in less Bader charger and higher d-band center, which are demonstrated to be more beneficial for the activation of O2 and trans-stilbene. The present study demonstrates a new finding about the site interaction in densely populated single-atom catalysts, shedding insight on how density affects the electronic structure and catalytic performance for alkene epoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongjie Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Peixin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of, 210008, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Weiguo Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changyan Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China.
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9
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Bu F, Chen C, Yu Y, Hao W, Zhao S, Hu Y, Qin Y. Boosting Benzene Oxidation with a Spin-State-Controlled Nuclearity Effect on Iron Sub-Nanocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216062. [PMID: 36412226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the nature of nuclearity effects is important for the rational design of superior sub-nanocatalysts with low nuclearity, but remains a long-standing challenge. Using atomic layer deposition, we precisely synthesized Fe sub-nanocatalysts with tunable nuclearity (Fe1 -Fe4 ) anchored on N,O-co-doped carbon nanorods (NOC). The electronic properties and spin configuration of the Fe sub-nanocatalysts were nuclearity dependent and dominated the H2 O2 activation modes and adsorption strength of active O species on Fe sites toward C-H oxidation. The Fe1 -NOC single atom catalyst exhibits state-of-the-art activity for benzene oxidation to phenol, which is ascribed to its unique coordination environment (Fe1 N2 O3 ) and medium spin state (t2g 4 eg 1 ); turnover frequencies of 407 h-1 at 25 °C and 1869 h-1 at 60 °C were obtained, which is 3.4, 5.7, and 13.6 times higher than those of Fe dimer, trimer, and tetramer catalysts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanle Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaoqiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wentao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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10
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Jin H, Cui P, Cao C, Yu X, Zhao R, Ma D, Song W. Understanding the Density-Dependent Activity of Cu Single-Atom Catalyst in the Benzene Hydroxylation Reaction. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peixin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Changyan Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohu Yu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Runqing Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Regulating electron configuration of single Cu sites via unsaturated N,O-coordination for selective oxidation of benzene. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6996. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDeveloping highly efficient catalyst for selective oxidation of benzene to phenol (SOBP) with low H2O2 consumption is highly desirable for practical application, but challenge remains. Herein, we report unique single-atom Cu1-N1O2 coordination-structure on N/C material (Cu-N1O2 SA/CN), prepared by water molecule-mediated pre-assembly-pyrolysis method, can efficiently boost SOBP reaction at a 2:1 of low H2O2/benzene molar ratio, showing 83.7% of high benzene conversion with 98.1% of phenol selectivity. The Cu1-N1O2 sites can provide a preponderant reaction pathway for SOBP reaction with less steps and lower energy barrier. As a result, it shows an unexpectedly higher turnover frequency (435 h−1) than that of Cu1-N2 (190 h−1), Cu1-N3 (90 h−1) and Cu nanoparticle (58 h−1) catalysts, respectively. This work provides a facile and efficient method for regulating the electron configuration of single-atom catalyst and generates a highly active and selective non-precious metal catalyst for industrial production of phenol through selective oxidation of benzene.
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12
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Ruan M, Liu QY, Zhao YX, Wei GP, Zhao XG, Li Q, He SG. Pyrolysis of Mass-Selected (V 2O 5) NO − ( N = 1−6) Clusters in a High-Temperature Linear Ion Trap Reactor. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:114301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0107437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-temperature linear ion trap that can stably run up to 873 K was newly designed and installed into a homemade reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer coupled with a laser ablation cluster source and a quadrupole mass filter. The instrument was used to study the pyrolysis behavior of mass-selected (V2O5) NO− ( N = 1−6) cluster anions and the dissociation channels were clarified with atomistic precision. Similar to the dissociation behavior of the heated metal oxide cluster cations reported in literature, the desorption of either atomic oxygen atom or molecular O2 prevailed for the (V2O5) NO− clusters with N = 2−5 at 873 K. However, novel dissociation channels involving fragmentation of (V2O5) NO− to small-sized V xO y− anions concurrent with the release of neutral vanadium oxide species were identified for the clusters with N = 3−6. Significant variations of branching ratios for different dissociation channels were observed as a function of cluster size. The kinetic studies indicate that the dissociation rates of (V2O5) NO− monotonically increased with the increase of cluster size. The internal energies carried by the (V2O5) NO− clusters at 873 K as well as the energetics data for dissociation channels have been theoretically calculated to rationalize the experimental observations. The decomposition behavior of vanadium oxide clusters from this study can provide new insights into the pyrolysis mechanism of metal oxide nanoparticles that are widely used in high temperature catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ruan
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Gong-Ping Wei
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xi-Guan Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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13
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A metal-/additive-free system for oxygen-mediated hydroxylation of benzene over polyfuran-functionalized hydrothermal carbocatalyst. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Shi Y, Zhou Y, Lou Y, Chen Z, Xiong H, Zhu Y. Homogeneity of Supported Single-Atom Active Sites Boosting the Selective Catalytic Transformations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201520. [PMID: 35808964 PMCID: PMC9404403 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Selective conversion of specific functional groups to desired products is highly important but still challenging in industrial catalytic processes. The adsorption state of surface species is the key factor in modulating the conversion of functional groups, which is correspondingly determined by the uniformity of active sites. However, the non-identical number of metal atoms, geometric shape, and morphology of conventional nanometer-sized metal particles/clusters normally lead to the non-uniform active sites with diverse geometric configurations and local coordination environments, which causes the distinct adsorption states of surface species. Hence, it is highly desired to modulate the homogeneity of the active sites so that the catalytic transformations can be better confined to the desired direction. In this review, the construction strategies and characterization techniques of the uniform active sites that are atomically dispersed on various supports are examined. In particular, their unique behavior in boosting the catalytic performance in various chemical transformations is discussed, including selective hydrogenation, selective oxidation, Suzuki coupling, and other catalytic reactions. In addition, the dynamic evolution of the active sites under reaction conditions and the industrial utilization of the single-atom catalysts are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and frontiers are identified, and the perspectives on this flourishing field is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological ColloidsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and MaterialsJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological ColloidsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and MaterialsJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
| | - Yang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological ColloidsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and MaterialsJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsu214122P. R. China
| | - Zupeng Chen
- College of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Yongfa Zhu
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
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15
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Guo J, Liu H, Li D, Wang J, Djitcheu X, He D, Zhang Q. A minireview on the synthesis of single atom catalysts. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9373-9394. [PMID: 35424892 PMCID: PMC8985184 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00657j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Single atom catalysis is a prosperous and rapidly growing research field, owing to the remarkable advantages of single atom catalysts (SACs), such as maximized atom utilization efficiency, tailorable catalytic activities as well as supremely high catalytic selectivity. Synthesis approaches play crucial roles in determining the properties and performance of SACs. Over the past few years, versatile methods have been adopted to synthesize SACs. Herein, we give a thorough and up-to-date review on the progress of approaches for the synthesis of SACs, outline the general principles and list the advantages and disadvantages of each synthesis approach, with the aim to give the readers a clear picture and inspire more studies to exploit novel approaches to synthesize SACs effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Guo
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Huimin Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Dezheng Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Xavier Djitcheu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
| | - Dehua He
- Innovative Catalysis Program, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Qijian Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology Jinzhou 121001 P. R. China
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16
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Jin H, Li P, Cui P, Shi J, Zhou W, Yu X, Song W, Cao C. Unprecedentedly high activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of nitroarenes with single atomic Co 1-N 3P 1 sites. Nat Commun 2022; 13:723. [PMID: 35132074 PMCID: PMC8821636 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition metal single atom catalysts (SACs) with M1-Nx coordination configuration have shown outstanding activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of nitroarenes. Modulating the atomic coordination structure has emerged as a promising strategy to further improve the catalytic performance. Herein, we report an atomic Co1/NPC catalyst with unsymmetrical single Co1-N3P1 sites that displays unprecedentedly high activity and chemoselectivity for hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes. Compared to the most popular Co1-N4 coordination, the electron density of Co atom in Co1-N3P1 is increased, which is more favorable for H2 dissociation as verified by kinetic isotope effect and density functional theory calculation results. In nitrobenzene hydrogenation reaction, the as-synthesized Co1-N3P1 SAC exhibits a turnover frequency of 6560 h-1, which is 60-fold higher than that of Co1-N4 SAC and one order of magnitude higher than the state-of-the-art M1-Nx-C SACs in literatures. Furthermore, Co1-N3P1 SAC shows superior selectivity (>99%) toward many substituted nitroarenes with co-existence of other sensitive reducible groups. This work is an excellent example of relationship between catalytic performance and the coordination environment of SACs, and offers a potential practical catalyst for aromatic amine synthesis by hydrogenation of nitroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peixin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jinan Shi
- School of Physical Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wu Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohu Yu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, China.
| | - Weiguo Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changyan Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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