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Yadav I, Acharyya JN, Prakash GV, Sankar M. Structurally influenced optical nonlinearities and ultrafast dynamics in β-acroleyl- and β-dicyanobutadienyl-appended cobalt corroles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15125-15129. [PMID: 38764422 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The strong two-photon induced nonlinear absorption and self-focusing type positive nonlinear refraction are pronounced by the structural engineering in β-functionalized cobalt corroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpal Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
| | - Jitendra Nath Acharyya
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - G Vijaya Prakash
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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2
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Guragain M, Pinjari D, Misra R, D'Souza F. Zinc Tetrapyrrole Coordinated to Imidazole Functionalized Tetracyanobutadiene or Cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded-tetracyanobutadiene Conjugates: Dark vs. Light-Induced Electron Transfer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302665. [PMID: 37704573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Using the popular metal-ligand axial coordination self-assembly approach, donor-acceptor conjugates have been constructed using zinc tetrapyrroles (porphyrin (ZnP), phthalocyanine (ZnPc), and naphthalocyanine (ZnNc)) as electron donors and imidazole functionalized tetracyanobutadiene (Im-TCBD) and cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded-tetracyanobutadiene (Im-DCNQ) as electron acceptors. The newly formed donor-acceptor conjugates were fully characterized by a suite of physicochemical methods, including absorption and emission, electrochemistry, and computational methods. The measured binding constants for the 1 : 1 complexes were in the order of 104 -105 M-1 in o-dichlorobenzene. Free-energy calculations and the energy level diagrams revealed the high exergonicity for the excited state electron transfer reactions. However, in the case of the ZnNc:Im-DCNQ complex, owing to the facile oxidation of ZnNc and facile reduction of Im-DCNQ, slow electron transfer was witnessed in the dark without the aid of light. Systematic transient pump-probe studies were performed to secure evidence of excited state charge separation and gather their kinetic parameters. The rate of charge separation was as high as 1011 s-1 suggesting efficient processes. These findings show that the present self-assembly approach could be utilized to build donor-acceptor constructs with powerful electron acceptors, TCBD and DCNQ, to witness ground and excited state charge transfer, fundamental events required in energy harvesting, and building optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Guragain
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Dilip Pinjari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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3
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Bo Y, Hou P, Wan J, Cao H, Liu Y, Xie L, Guldi DM. One-Pot Synthesis and Excited-State Dynamics of Null Exciton-Coupled Diketopyrrolopyrroles Oligo-Grids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302664. [PMID: 37289569 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exciton coupling in molecular aggregates plays a vital role in impacting and fine-tuning optoelectronic materials and their efficiencies in devices. A versatile platform to decipher aggregation-property relationships is built around multichromophoric architectures. Here, a series of cyclic diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) oligomers featuring nanoscale gridarene structures and rigid bifluorenyl spacers are designed and synthesized via one-pot Friedel-Crafts reaction. DPP dimer [2]Grid and trimer [3]Grid, which are cyclic rigid nanoarchitectures of rather different sizes, are further characterized via steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. They exhibit monomer-like spectroscopic signatures in the steady-state measurements, from which null exciton couplings are derived. Moreover, in an apolar solvent, high fluorescence quantum yields and excited-state dynamics that resembled DPP monomer are gathered. In a polar solvent, the localized singlet excited state on a single DPP dissociates into the adjacent null coupling DPP with charge transfer characteristics. This pathway facilitates the evolution of the symmetry-broken charge-separated state (SB-CS). Notable is the fact that the SB-CS of [2]Grid is, on one hand, in equilibrium with the singlet excited state and promotes, on the other hand, the formation of the triplet excited state with a yield of 32% via charge recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pengfei Hou
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongtao Cao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, 1 Yangshan North Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Jang Y, Sekaran B, Singh PP, Misra R, D'Souza F. Accelerated Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Tetracyanobutadiene- and Expanded Tetracyanobutadiene-Incorporated Asymmetric Triphenylamine-Quinoxaline Push-Pull Conjugates. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4455-4462. [PMID: 37192382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The excited-state properties of an asymmetric triphenylamine-quinoxaline push-pull system wherein triphenylamine and quinoxaline take up the roles of an electron donor and acceptor, respectively, are initially investigated. Further, in order to improve the push-pull effect, powerful electron acceptors, viz., 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded tetracyanobutadiene (also known as expanded-TCBD or exTCBD), have been introduced into the triphenylamine-quinoxaline molecular framework using a catalyst-free [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction. The presence of these electron acceptors caused strong ground-state polarization extending the absorption well into the near-IR region accompanied by strong fluorescence quenching due to intramolecular charge transfer (CT). Systematic studies were performed using a suite of spectral, electrochemical, computational, and pump-probe spectroscopic techniques to unravel the intramolecular CT mechanism and to probe the role of TCBD and exTCBD in promoting excited-state CT and separation events. Faster CT in exTCBD-derived compared to that in TCBD-derived push-pull systems has been witnessed in polar benzonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Bijesh Sekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Prabal P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, NH-2, Delhi-Mathura highways, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 282004, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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5
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Sheokand M, Alsaleh AZ, D'Souza F, Misra R. Excitation Wavelength-Dependent Charge Stabilization in Highly Interacting Phenothiazine Sulfone-Derived Donor-Acceptor Constructs. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2761-2773. [PMID: 36938962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Prolonging the lifetime of charge-separated states (CSS) is of paramount importance in artificial photosynthetic donor-acceptor (DA) constructs to build the next generation of light-energy-harvesting devices. This becomes especially important when the DA constructs are closely spaced and highly interacting. In the present study, we demonstrate extending the lifetime of the CSS in highly interacting DA constructs by making use of the triplet excited state of the electron donor and with the help of excitation wavelength selectivity. To demonstrate this, π-conjugated phenothiazine sulfone-based push-pull systems, PTS2-PTS6 have been newly designed and synthesized via the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling followed by [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions. Modulation of the spectral and photophysical properties of phenothiazine sulfones (PTZSO2) and terminal phenothiazines (PTZ) was possible by incorporating powerful electron acceptors, 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene-expanded TCBD (exTCBD). The quadrupolar PTS2 displayed solvatochromism, aggregation-induced emission, and mechanochromic behaviors. From the energy calculations, excitation wavelength-dependent charge stabilization was envisioned in PTS2-PTS6, and the subsequent pump-probe spectroscopic studies revealed charge stabilization when the systems were excited at the locally excited peak positions, while such effect was minimal when the samples were excited at wavelengths corresponding to the CT transitions. This work reveals the impact of wavelength selectivity to induce charge separation from the triplet excited state in ultimately prolonging the lifetime of CCS in highly interacting push-pull systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sheokand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Ajyal Z Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
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6
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Shahin M, Alazaly AM, Ismail MA, Abdel-Shafi AA. Effect of the π-bridge structure on the intramolecular charge transfer of push-pull 2-phenylthiophene and 2-(furan-2-yl)pyridine derivatives. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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7
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Patil Y, Butenschön H, Misra R. Tetracyanobutadiene Bridged Push-Pull Chromophores: Development of New Generation Optoelectronic Materials. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200208. [PMID: 36202630 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the design strategies used for the synthesis of various tetracyanobutadiene bridged donor-acceptor molecular architectures by a click type [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) reaction sequence. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the tetracyanobutadiene bridged molecular architectures based on various moieties including diketopyrrolopyrrole, isoindigo, benzothiadiazole, pyrene, pyrazabole, truxene, boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY), phenothiazine, triphenylamine, thiazole and bisthiazole are summarized. Further, we discuss some important applications of the tetracyanobutadiene bridged derivatives in dye sensitized solar cells, bulk heterojunction solar cells and photothermal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, 453552, India.,Present Address: Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) -, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, 35700, France
| | - Holger Butenschön
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, 453552, India
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do Casal MT, Toldo JM, Plasser F, Barbatti M. Using diketopyrrolopyrroles to stabilize double excitation and control internal conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23279-23288. [PMID: 36164816 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03533b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) is a pivotal functional group to tune the physicochemical properties of novel organic photoelectronic materials. Among multiple uses, DPP-thiophene derivatives forming a dimer through a vinyl linker were recently shown to quench the fluorescence observed in their isolated monomers. Here, we explain this fluorescence quenching using computational chemistry. The DPP-thiophene dimer has a low-lying doubly excited state that is not energetically accessible for the monomer. This state delays the fluorescence allowing internal conversion to occur first. We characterize the doubly excited state wavefunction by systematically changing the derivatives to tune the π-scaffold size and the acceptor and donor characters. The origin of this state's stabilization is related to the increase in the π-system and not to the charge-transfer features. This analysis delivers core conceptual information on the electronic properties of organic chromophores arranged symmetrically around a vinyl linker, opening new ways to control the balance between luminescence and internal conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, 75231, Paris, France
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9
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Yadav IS, Jang Y, Rout Y, Thomas MB, Misra R, D'Souza F. Near-IR Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Strongly Interacting Diphenothiazene-TCBD and Diphenothiazene-DCNQ Push-Pull Triads. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200348. [PMID: 35275434 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three types of phenothiazines dimers (PTZ-PTZ, 1-3), covalently linked with one or two acetylene linkers, were synthesized by copper-mediated Eglinton and Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reactions in excellent yields. The dimers 1-3 were further engaged in [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions with strong electron acceptors, tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) to yield tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD, 1 a-3 a), and dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ, 1 b-3 b) functionalized donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugates, respectively. The conjugates were examined by a series of spectral, computational, and electrochemical studies. Strong ground state polarization leading to new optical transitions was witnessed in both series of D-A conjugates. In the case of DCNQ derived D-A system 1 b, the optical coverage extended until 1200 nm in benzonitrile, making this a rare class of D-A ICT system. Multiple redox processes were witnessed in these D-A systems, and the frontier orbitals generated on DFT optimized structures further supported the ICT phenomenon. Photochemical studies performed using femtosecond pump-probe studies confirmed solvent polarity dependent excited state charge transfer and separation in these novel multi-modular D-A conjugates. The charge-separated states lasted up to 70 ps in benzonitrile while in toluene slightly prolonged lifetime of up to 100 ps was witnessed. The significance of phenothiazine dimer in wide-band optical capture all the way into the near-IR region and promoting ultrafast photoinduced charge transfer in the D-A-D configured multi-modular systems, and the effect of donor-acceptor distance and the solvent polarity was the direct outcome of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indresh S Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 453552, Indore, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Yogajivan Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 453552, Indore, India
| | - Michael B Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, 453552, Indore, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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10
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Seetharaman S, Zink‐Lorre N, Gutiérrez‐Moreno D, Karr PA, Fernández‐Lázaro F, D'Souza F. Quadrupolar Ultrafast Charge Transfer in Diaminoazobenzene‐Bridged Perylenediimide Triads. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104574. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Nathalie Zink‐Lorre
- Área de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería Universidad Miguel Hernández Avda. de la Universidad s/n 03202 Elche Spain
| | - David Gutiérrez‐Moreno
- Área de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería Universidad Miguel Hernández Avda. de la Universidad s/n 03202 Elche Spain
| | - Paul A. Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics Wayne State College Wayne Nebraska 68787 USA
| | - Fernando Fernández‐Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería Universidad Miguel Hernández Avda. de la Universidad s/n 03202 Elche Spain
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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11
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Sekaran B, Dawson A, Jang Y, MohanSingh KV, Misra R, D'Souza F. Charge-Transfer in Panchromatic Porphyrin-Tetracyanobuta-1,3-Diene-Donor Conjugates: Switching the Role of Porphyrin in the Charge Separation Process. Chemistry 2021; 27:14335-14344. [PMID: 34375474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using a combination of cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction, free-base and zinc porphyrins (H2 P and ZnP) are decorated at their β-pyrrole positions with strong charge transfer complexes, viz., tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD)-phenothiazine (3 and 4) or TCBD-aniline (7 and 8), novel class of push-pull systems. The physico-chemical properties of these compounds (MP-Donor and MP-TCBD-Donor) have been investigated using a range of electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, DFT as well as steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Ground-state charge transfer interactions between the porphyrin and the electron-withdrawing TCBD directly attached to the porphyrin π-system extended the absorption features well into the near-infrared region. To visualize the photo-events, energy level diagrams with the help of free-energy calculations have been established. Switching the role of porphyrin from the initial electron acceptor to electron donor was possible to envision. Occurrence of photoinduced charge separation has been established by complementary transient absorption spectral studies followed by global and target data analyses. Better charge stabilization in H2 P derived over ZnP derived conjugates, and in phenothiazine derived over aniline derived conjugates has been possible to establish. These findings highlight the importance of the nature of porphyrins and second electron donor in governing the ground and excited state charge transfer events in closely positioned donor-acceptor conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijesh Sekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Andrew Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Kusum V MohanSingh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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