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Mallette AJ, Shilpa K, Rimer JD. The Current Understanding of Mechanistic Pathways in Zeolite Crystallization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3416-3493. [PMID: 38484327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Zeolite catalysts and adsorbents have been an integral part of many commercial processes and are projected to play a significant role in emerging technologies to address the changing energy and environmental landscapes. The ability to rationally design zeolites with tailored properties relies on a fundamental understanding of crystallization pathways to strategically manipulate processes of nucleation and growth. The complexity of zeolite growth media engenders a diversity of crystallization mechanisms that can manifest at different synthesis stages. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of classical and nonclassical pathways associated with the formation of (alumino)silicate zeolites. We begin with a brief overview of zeolite history and seminal advancements, followed by a comprehensive discussion of different classes of zeolite precursors with respect to their methods of assembly and physicochemical properties. The following two sections provide detailed discussions of nucleation and growth pathways wherein we emphasize general trends and highlight specific observations for select zeolite framework types. We then close with conclusions and future outlook to summarize key hypotheses, current knowledge gaps, and potential opportunities to guide zeolite synthesis toward a more exact science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mallette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kumari Shilpa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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2
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Wang Y, Tong C, Liu Q, Han R, Liu C. Intergrowth Zeolites, Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11664-11721. [PMID: 37707958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Microporous zeolites that can act as heterogeneous catalysts have continued to attract a great deal of academic and industrial interest, but current progress in their synthesis and application is restricted to single-phase zeolites, severely underestimating the potential of intergrowth frameworks. Compared with single-phase zeolites, intergrowth zeolites possess unique properties, such as different diffusion pathways and molecular confinement, or special crystalline pore environments for binding metal active sites. This review first focuses on the structural features and synthetic details of all the intergrowth zeolites, especially providing some insightful discussion of several potential frameworks. Subsequently, characterization methods for intergrowth zeolites are introduced, and highlighting fundamental features of these crystals. Then, the applications of intergrowth zeolites in several of the most active areas of catalysis are presented, including selective catalytic reduction of NOx by ammonia (NH3-SCR), methanol to olefins (MTO), petrochemicals and refining, fine chemicals production, and biomass conversion on Beta, and the relationship between structure and catalytic activity was profiled from the perspective of intergrowth grain boundary structure. Finally, the synthesis, characterization, and catalysis of intergrowth zeolites are summarized in a comprehensive discussion, and a brief outlook on the current challenges and future directions of intergrowth zeolites is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chengzheng Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qingling Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rui Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Li J, Gao M, Yan W, Yu J. Regulation of the Si/Al ratios and Al distributions of zeolites and their impact on properties. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1935-1959. [PMID: 36845940 PMCID: PMC9945477 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06010h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolites are typically a class of crystalline microporous aluminosilicates that are constructed by SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra. Because of their unique porous structures, strong Brönsted acidity, molecular-level shape selectivity, exchangeable cations, and high thermal/hydrothermal stability, zeolites are widely used as catalysts, adsorbents, and ion-exchangers in industry. The activity, selectivity, and stability/durability of zeolites in applications are closely related to their Si/Al ratios and Al distributions in the framework. In this review, we discussed the basic principles and the state-of-the-art methodologies for regulating the Si/Al ratios and Al distributions of zeolites, including seed-assisted recipe modification, interzeolite transformation, fluoride media, and usage of organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs), etc. The conventional and newly developed characterization methods for determining the Si/Al ratios and Al distributions were summarized, which include X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), solid state 29Si/27Al magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29Si/27Al MAS NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), etc. The impact of Si/Al ratios and Al distributions on the catalysis, adsorption/separation, and ion-exchange performance of zeolites were subsequently demonstrated. Finally, we presented a perspective on the precise control of the Si/Al ratios and Al distributions of zeolites and the corresponding challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Mingkun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Wenfu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China .,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
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Bae J, Dusselier M. Synthesis strategies to control the Al distribution in zeolites: thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:852-867. [PMID: 36598011 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The activity and selectivity of acid-catalyzed chemistry is highly dependent on the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites generated by Al substitutions in a zeolite framework with the desired pore architecture. The siting of two Al atoms in close proximity in the framework of high-silica zeolites can also play a decisive role in improving the performance of redox catalysts by producing exchangeable positions for extra-framework multivalent cations. Thus, considerable attention has been devoted to controlling the Al incorporation through direct synthesis approaches and post-synthesis treatments to optimize the performance as (industrial) solid catalysts and to develop new acid- and redox-catalyzed reactions. This Feature Article highlights bottom-up synthetic strategies to fine-tune the Al incorporation in zeolites, interpreted with respect to thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. They include (i) variation in extra-framework components in zeolite synthesis, (ii) isomorphous substitution of other heteroatoms in the zeolite framework, and (iii) control over the (alumino)silicate network in the initial synthesis mixture via in situ and ex situ methods. Most synthetic approaches introduced here tentatively showed that the energy barriers associated with Al incorporation in zeolites can be variable during zeolite crystallization processes, occurring in complex media with multiple chemical interactions. Although the generic interpretation of each strategy and underlying crystallization mechanism remains largely unknown (and often limited to a specific framework), this review will provide guidance on more efficient methods to prepare fine-tuned zeolites with desired chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juna Bae
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Synthesis of mesoporous high-silica zeolite Y and their catalytic cracking performance. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)64043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhu D, Wang L, Zhang W, Fan D, Li J, Cui W, Huang S, Xu S, Tian P, Liu Z. Realizing Fast Synthesis of High‐Silica Zeolite Y with Remarkable Catalytic Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117698. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dali Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Linying Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Dong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shengjun Huang
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Shutao Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Peng Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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Hu Y, Wang C, Li T, Bao X, Yue Y. Nitrogen- and Halogen-Free Multifunctional Polymer-Directed Fabrication of Aluminum-Rich Hierarchical MFI Zeolites. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101633. [PMID: 35630855 PMCID: PMC9143885 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum-rich hierarchical MFI-type zeolites with high acidic-site density exhibit excellent activity and selectivity in bulky molecule-involved reactions. However, it is challenging to develop a facile and environmentally benign method for fabricating them. Herein, we employ a polymer that does not contain nitrogen and halogen elements to successfully synthesize aluminum-rich hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite with a Si/Al ratio of 8 and a significant number of mesopores comprised of oriented-assembled nanocrystals. It is demonstrated that the nitrogen- and halogen-free polymer is instrumental in the formation of the ZSM-5 zeolite by serving as a template for constructing the hierarchical micro/mesoporous structure. Moreover, this polymer also acts as a crystal growth modifier to form a single-crystalline zeolite. Notably, the resultant zeolite shows a better catalytic performance in converting waste plastic into hydrocarbons than a commercial one. Our work enables the synthesis of high-quality hierarchical zeolites without requiring quaternary ammonium templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (T.L.); (X.B.)
| | - Chan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (T.L.); (X.B.)
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, China
| | - Tiesen Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (T.L.); (X.B.)
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, China
| | - Xiaojun Bao
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (T.L.); (X.B.)
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yue
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (T.L.); (X.B.)
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Zhu D, Wang L, Zhang W, Fan D, Li J, Cui W, Huang S, Xu S, Tian P, Liu Z. Realizing Fast Synthesis of High‐Silica Zeolite Y with Remarkable Catalytic Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dali Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Linying Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Dong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shengjun Huang
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Shutao Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Peng Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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9
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Zhu D, Wang L, Cui W, Tan J, Tian P, Liu Z. High-silica zeolite Y: seed-assisted synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seed-assisted synthesis of high-silica zeolite Y with good (hydro)thermal stability, abundant strong acid sites and excellent catalytic cracking performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linying Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenhao Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Peng Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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