1
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Prajapati B, Kwenda T, Lis T, Chmielewski PJ, Gómez-García CJ, Majewski MA, Stępień M. Difluorenoheteroles: topological control of π conjugation in diradicaloids and mixed-valence radical ions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10101-10109. [PMID: 38966384 PMCID: PMC11220597 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Two families of difluorenoheterole diradicaloids were synthesized, featuring isomeric ring systems with distinct conjugation topologies. The two types of difluorenoheteroles contain, respectively, a Chichibabin-like motif (CH) and a newly introduced heteroatom-linked triphenylmethyl dyad (TD-X). Combined experimental and theoretical investigations show that the TD-X systems have reduced quinoidal character but the interaction between formal spin centers is sufficiently strong to ensure a singlet ground state. The singlet-triplet energy gaps in the TD-X difluorenoheteroles are strongly affected by the heterocyclic ring, with values of -4.3 and -0.7 kcal mol-1 determined for the pyrrole- and thiophene-containing analogues, respectively. In cyclic voltammetry experiments, the TD-X systems show diminished energy gaps and superior reversibility in comparison with their CH counterparts. The radical anions and cations obtained from these diradicaloids show extremely red-shifted bands, occasionally with λ max > 3500 nm. Computational studies show that some of these ions adopt distonic structures and may be characterized as class-II mixed-valence species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Prajapati
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tendai Kwenda
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia Dr Moliner 50 46100 Burjasot Spain
| | - Marcin A Majewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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2
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An D, Zhang R, Zhu J, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. From π-conjugated macrocycles to heterocycloarenes based on benzo[2,1- b:3,4- b']dithiophene (BDTh): size- and geometry-dependent host-guest properties. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4590-4601. [PMID: 38516086 PMCID: PMC10952093 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
π-Conjugated macrocycles have been highly attractive due to their challenging synthesis, fascinating aesthetic structure and unique physical and chemical properties. Although some progress has been made in synthesis, the study of π-macrocycles with different structural characteristics and supramolecular interactions still faces major challenges. In this paper, two new single-bond linked macrocycles (MS-4T/MS-6T) were reported, and the corresponding vinyl-bridged heterocycloarenes (MF-4T/MF-6T) were synthesized by the periphery fusion strategy. Further studies have indicated that the structure of these four macrocycles is determined by both size and curvature, showing unique variations from nearly planar to bowl and then to saddle. Interestingly, the nearly planar MS-4T with a small size and the rigid saddle-shaped MF-6T show no obvious response to fullerenes C60 or C70, while the bowl-shaped MS-6T and MF-4T demonstrate a strong binding affinity towards fullerenes C60 and C70. What's more, two kinds of co-crystals with capsule-like configurations, MS-6T@C60 and MS-6T@C70, have been successfully obtained, among which the former shows a loose columnar arrangement while the latter displays a unique three-dimensional honeycomb arrangement that is extremely rare in supramolecular complexes. This work systematically studies the π-conjugated macrocycles and provides a new idea for the development of novel host-guest systems and further multifunctional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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3
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Saha P, Chrysochos N, Elvers BJ, Pätsch S, Uddin SI, Krummenacher I, Nandeshwar M, Mishra A, Raman KV, Rajaraman G, Prabusankar G, Braunschweig H, Ravat P, Schulzke C, Jana A. Bis-Olefin Based Crystalline Schlenk Hydrocarbon Diradicals with a Triplet Ground State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311868. [PMID: 37646230 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A modular approach for the synthesis of isolable crystalline Schlenk hydrocarbon diradicals from m-phenylene bridged electron-rich bis-triazaalkenes as synthons is reported. EPR spectroscopy confirms their diradical nature and triplet electronic structure by revealing a half-field signal. A computational analysis confirms the triplet state to be the ground state. As a proof-of-principle for the modular methodology, the 4,6-dimethyl-m-phenylene was further utilized as a coupling unit between two alkene motifs. The steric conjunction of the 4,6-dimethyl groups substantially twists the substituents at the nonbonding electron bearing centers relative to the central coupling m-phenylene motif. As a result, the spin delocalization is decreased and the exchange coupling between the two unpaired spins, hence, significantly reduced. Notably, 108 years after Schlenk's m-phenylene-bis(diphenylmethyl) synthesis as a diradical, for the first time we were able to isolate its derivative with the same spacer, i.e. m-phenylene, between two radical centers in a crystalline form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Benedict J Elvers
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pätsch
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sk Imraj Uddin
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Muneshwar Nandeshwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, 502284, India
| | - Anshika Mishra
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Karthik V Raman
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Ganesan Prabusankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, 502284, India
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Prince Ravat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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4
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Borissov A, Chmielewski PJ, Gómez García CJ, Lis T, Stępień M. Dinor[7]helicene and Beyond: Divergent Synthesis of Chiral Diradicaloids with Variable Open-Shell Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309238. [PMID: 37452009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Diradicaloid helicenes constructed formally by non-benzenoid double π-extension of phenanthrene were synthesized by a common strategy involving double electrophilic benzannulation. Steric effects in the second benzannulation step led to considerable structural diversity among the products, yielding a symmetrical dinor[7]helicene 1 and two isomeric unsymmetrical double helicenes 2 and 3, containing a nor[5]helicene and [4]helicene fragment, respectively, in addition to a common nor[6]helicene motif. Geometries, configurational dynamics, and electronic structure of these helicenes were analyzed using solid-state structures, spectroscopic methods, and computational analyses. The open-shell character of the singlet states of these helicenes increases in the order 3<1<2, with strongly varying diradicaloid indexes and singlet-triplet gaps. Compounds 1-3 displayed narrow optical gaps of 0.79-1.25 eV, resulting in significant absorption in the near infrared (NIR) region. They also exhibit reversible redox chemistry, each of them yielding stable radical cations, radical anions, and dianions, in some cases possessing intense NIR absorptions extending beyond 2500 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseni Borissov
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Carlos J Gómez García
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, C/José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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5
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Wang J, Zheng A, Xiang Y, Liu J. BN-Embedded Cycloarenes: One-Pot Borylation Synthesis, Photoelectric Properties, and Application in Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37338220 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulfur atoms, into cycloarenes can effectively regulate their molecular geometries and (opto)electronic properties. However, the rarity of cycloarenes and heterocycloarenes limits the further exploitation of their applications. Herein, we designed and synthesized the first examples of boron and nitrogen (BN)-doped cycloarenes (BN-C1 and BN-C2) via one-pot intramolecular electrophilic borylation of imine-based macrocycles. BN-C2 adopts a bowl-shaped conformation, while BN-C1 possesses a planar geometry. Accordingly, the solubility of BN-C2 was significantly improved by replacing two hexagons in BN-C1 with two N-pentagons, due to the creation of distortions away from planarity. Various experiments and theoretical calculations were carried out for heterocycloarenes BN-C1 and BN-C2, demonstrating that the incorporated BN bonds diminish the aromaticity of 1,2-azaborine units and their adjacent benzenoid rings but preserve the dominant aromatic properties of pristine kekulene. Importantly, when two additional electron-rich nitrogen atoms were introduced, the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of BN-C2 was elaborately lifted compared with that of BN-C1. As a result, the energy-level alignment of BN-C2 with the work function of the anode and the perovskite layer was suitable. Therefore, for the first time, heterocycloarene (BN-C2) was explored as a hole-transporting layer in inverted perovskite solar cell devices, in which the power conversion efficiency reached 14.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Aibin Zheng
- BYD Company Limited, No. 3009, BYD Road, Pingshan New District, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yuren Xiang
- BYD Company Limited, No. 3009, BYD Road, Pingshan New District, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
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6
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Zhang N, Li W, Zhu J, Wang T, Zhang R, Chi K, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Lu X. Periphery Fusion Strategy of a Carbazole-Based Macrocycle toward Coplanar N-Heterocycloarene for High-Mobility Single-Crystal Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300094. [PMID: 36807375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Designing (hetero)cycloarenes through the modifications of the π-topology and molecular packing of organic semiconductors has recently garnered considerable attention. However, their applications as an organic active layer in field-effect transistors are very limited, and the obtained hole carrier mobilities are less than 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 . In this work, a novel alkyl-substituted coplanar N-heterocycloarene (FM-C4) containing four carbazole units is successfully synthesized in crystalline form. As compared to the corresponding single-bond-linked carbazole-based macrocycle M-C4, it is found that the periphery fusion strategy greatly changes the electronic structures, energy levels, photophysical properties, host-guest interactions with fullerenes, and molecular crystal stacking motifs. In particular, the fully fused N-heterocycloarene FM-C4 exhibits a herringbone packing structure with an unusual long-range π-π overlap distance as low as 3.19 Å, whereas the single crystal of M-C4 demonstrates no π-π interactions. As a consequence, FM-C4 in single-crystal transistors displays the highest hole mobility of 2.06 cm2 V-1 s-1 , significantly outperforming M-C4 and all the reported (hetero)cycloarenes and suggesting the high potential of (hetero)cycloarenes for organic electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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7
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Guo J, Tian X, Wang Y, Dou C. Progress of Indeno-type Organic Diradicaloids. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-2363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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8
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Zhang N, Yang L, Li W, Zhu J, Chi K, Chang D, Qiao Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Alkyl-Substituted N,S-Embedded Heterocycloarenes with a Planar Aromatic Configuration for Hosting Fullerenes and Organic Field-Effect Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21521-21529. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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9
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Miyoshi H, Sugiura R, Kishi R, Spisak SN, Wei Z, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Kobayashi N, Chatterjee S, Ie Y, Hisaki I, Petrukhina MA, Nishinaga T, Nakano M, Tobe Y. Dianion and Dication of Tetracyclopentatetraphenylene as Decoupled Annulene‐within‐an‐Annulene Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiura
- Division of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Division of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB) Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The Universiy of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University Ueda 386-8567 Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN) Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN) Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) Hokkaido University Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Tohru Nishinaga
- Graduate School of Science Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Division of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB) Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN) Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 1001 Ta Hsueh Road Hsinchu 30030 Taiwan
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10
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Zhu J, Li W, Zhang N, An D, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Size-dependent properties and unusual reactivity of novel nonplanar heterocycloarenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11174-11182. [PMID: 36320458 PMCID: PMC9516946 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The solution-phase synthesis of (hetero)cycloarenes with a well-defined size and geometric structure remains a challenging topic in organic chemistry and materials science. Herein, two novel nonplanar N,S-heterocycloarenes (PTZ1 and PTZ2) containing two/three alternate phenothiazine-co-phenanthrene units were conveniently synthesized. The smaller size heterocycloarene PTZ1 adopts a unique butterfly-shaped geometry and shows moderate supramolecular host–guest interactions with both fullerenes C60 and C70; whereas the higher homologue PTZ2 has a saddle-shaped conformation and demonstrates no obvious encapsulation with C60 or C70. Meanwhile, benefiting from the relatively ordered molecular packing, the thin film of PTZ1 behaved as a p-type semiconductor, while the more distorted PTZ2 does not display any field-effect characteristics. Particularly, upon the oxidation of heterocycloarene PTZ1 by Oxone, an unusual bis(sulfone-co-orthoquinone) product PTZ1-Oxi with an arc-shaped geometry is obtained and identified by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Our findings markedly expand the known chemistry of (hetero)cycloarenes and open a new path for their further functionalization. Two novel fully fused heterocycloarenes consisting of nonplanar phenothiazine building units have been designed and successfully synthesized, which show size-dependent properties and unusual reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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11
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Miyoshi H, Sugiura R, Kishi R, Spisak SN, Wei Z, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Kobayashi N, Chatterjee S, Ie Y, Hisaki I, Petrukhina MA, Nishinaga T, Nakano M, Tobe Y. Dianion and Dication of Tetracyclopentatetraphenylene as Decoupled Annulene-within-an-Annulene Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115316. [PMID: 34873811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The dianion and dication of tetramesityl-substituted tetracyclopentatetraphenylene, a circulene consisting of alternating five- and six-membered rings, have been generated by reduction with alkali metals and oxidation with antimony(V) halides, respectively. They are theoretically predicted to adopt double annulenoid structures called annulene-within-an-annulene models in which the outer and inner conjugation circuits are significantly decoupled. The theoretical structures were experimentally proven by X-ray crystallographic analyses and the electronic configurations were supported by MCD spectra. Based on the 13 C NMR chemical shifts, negative and positive charges are shown to be located mainly at the outer periphery, indicating that the dianion and dication have delocalized 22-π and 18-π electron outer perimeters, respectively, and 8-π electron structure at the inner ring. Notably, the dianion has an open-shell character, whereas the dication has a closed-shell ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiura
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Sarah N Spisak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Universiy of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Tohru Nishinaga
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30030, Taiwan
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