1
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Taizoumbe KA, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. The Diterpenoid Substrate Analogue 19-nor-GGPP Reveals Pronounced Methyl Group Effects in Diterpene Cyclisations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318375. [PMID: 38117607 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The substrate analogue 19-nor-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (19-nor-GGPP) was synthesised and incubated with 20 diterpene synthases, resulting in the formation of diterpenoids in all cases. A total of 23 different compounds were isolated from these enzyme reactions and structurally characterised, if possible including the experimental determination of absolute configurations through a stereoselective deuteration approach. In several cases the missing 19-Me group in the substrate analogue resulted in opening of completely new reaction paths towards compounds with novel skeletons. DFT calculations were applied to gain a deeper understanding of these observed methyl group effects in diterpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizerbo A Taizoumbe
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Huang ZY, Taizoumbe KA, Liang C, Goldfuss B, Xu JH, Dickschat JS. Spiroluchuene A Synthase: A Cyclase from Aspergillus luchuensis Forming a Spirotetracyclic Diterpene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315659. [PMID: 37962519 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The diterpene synthase AlTS was identified from Aspergillus luchuensis. AlTS catalyses the formation of the diterpene hydrocarbon spiroluchuene A, which exhibits a novel skeleton characterised by a spirocyclic ring system. The cyclisation mechanism towards this compound was elucidated through isotopic labelling experiments in conjunction with DFT calculations and metadynamic simulations. The biosynthetic intermediate luchudiene, besides the derivative spiroluchuene B, was captured from an enzyme variant obtained through site-directed mutagenesis. With its 10-membered ring luchudiene is structurally related to germacrenes and can undergo a Cope rearrangement to luchuelemene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kizerbo A Taizoumbe
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chengqin Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Whitehead J, Leferink NGH, Johannissen LO, Hay S, Scrutton NS. Decoding Catalysis by Terpene Synthases. ACS Catal 2023; 13:12774-12802. [PMID: 37822860 PMCID: PMC10563020 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The review by Christianson, published in 2017 on the twentieth anniversary of the emergence of the field, summarizes the foundational discoveries and key advances in terpene synthase/cyclase (TS) biocatalysis (Christianson, D. W. Chem Rev2017, 117 (17), 11570-11648. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00287). Here, we review the TS literature published since then, bringing the field up to date and looking forward to what could be the near future of TS rational design. Many revealing discoveries have been made in recent years, building on the knowledge and fundamental principles uncovered during those initial two decades of study. We use these to explore TS reaction chemistry and see how a combined experimental and computational approach helps to decipher the complexities of TS catalysis. Revealed are a suite of catalytic motifs which control product outcome in TSs, some obvious, some more subtle. We examine each in detail, using the most recent papers and insights to illustrate how exactly this fascinating class of enzymes takes a single acyclic substrate and turns it into the many thousands of complex terpenoids found in Nature. We then explore some of the recent strategies for TS engineering, including machine learning and other data-driven approaches. From this, rational and predictive engineering of TSs, "designer terpene synthases", will begin to emerge as a realistic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
N. Whitehead
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole G. H. Leferink
- Future
Biomanufacturing Research Hub (FBRH), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology,
Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
| | - Linus O. Johannissen
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Future
Biomanufacturing Research Hub (FBRH), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology,
Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
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4
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Gu B, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic Characterisation and Engineering of Sesterviolene Synthase from Streptomyces violens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215688. [PMID: 36350768 PMCID: PMC10107272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The sesterviolene synthase from Streptomyces violens was identified and represents the second known sesterterpene synthase from bacteria. Isotopic labelling experiments in conjunction with DFT calculations were performed that provided detailed insight into its complex cyclisation mechanism. Enzyme engineering through site-directed mutagenesis gave access to a high-yielding enzyme variant that provided six additional minor products and the main product in sufficient quantities to study its chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Gu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Xing B, Xu H, Li A, Lou T, Xu M, Wang K, Xu Z, Dickschat JS, Yang D, Ma M. Crystal Structure Based Mutagenesis of Cattleyene Synthase Leads to the Generation of Rearranged Polycyclic Diterpenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209785. [PMID: 35819825 PMCID: PMC9543850 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baiying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Annan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Tingting Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Kaibiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Zhengren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Donghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
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6
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Xing B, Xu H, Li A, Lou T, Xu M, Wang K, Xu Z, Dickschat JS, Yang D, Ma M. Crystal Structure Based Mutagenesis of Cattleyene Synthase Leads to the Generation of Rearranged Polycyclic Diterpenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baiying Xing
- Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Natural Medicines CHINA
| | - Houchao Xu
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Organic chemistry and biochemistry GERMANY
| | - Annan Li
- Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Natural Medicines CHINA
| | - Tingting Lou
- Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Natural Medicines CHINA
| | - Meng Xu
- Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Natural Medicines CHINA
| | - Kaibiao Wang
- Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Natural Medicines CHINA
| | - Zhengren Xu
- Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Natural Medicines CHINA
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Organic chemistry and biochemistry GERMANY
| | - Donghui Yang
- Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Natural Medicines CHINA
| | - Ming Ma
- Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Natural Medicines 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District 100191 Beijing CHINA
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7
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Abstract
Five analogs of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) with additional or shifted Me groups were converted with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and the fungal variediene synthase from Aspergillus brasiliensis (AbVS). These enzymatic reactions resulted in the formation of several new terpene analogs that were isolated and structurally characterised by NMR spectroscopy. Several DMAPP analogs showed a changed reactivity giving access to compounds with unusual skeletons. Their formation is mechanistically rationalised and the absolute configurations of all obtained compounds were determined through a stereoselective deuteration strategy, revealing absolute configurations that are analogous to that of the natural enzyme product variediene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin‐Fu Liang
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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8
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Leferink NGH, Escorcia AM, Ouwersloot BR, Johanissen LO, Hay S, van der Kamp MW, Scrutton NS. Molecular Determinants of Carbocation Cyclisation in Bacterial Monoterpene Synthases. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100688. [PMID: 35005823 PMCID: PMC9303655 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene synthases are often promiscuous enzymes, yielding product mixtures rather than pure compounds due to the nature of the branched reaction mechanism involving reactive carbocations. Two previously identified bacterial monoterpene synthases, a linalool synthase (bLinS) and a cineole synthase (bCinS), produce nearly pure linalool and cineole from geranyl diphosphate, respectively. We used a combined experimental and computational approach to identify critical residues involved in bacterial monoterpenoid synthesis. Phe77 is essential for bCinS activity, guiding the linear carbocation intermediate towards the formation of the cyclic α-terpinyl intermediate; removal of the aromatic ring results in variants that produce acyclic products only. Computational chemistry confirmed the importance of Phe77 in carbocation stabilisation. Phe74, Phe78 and Phe179 are involved in maintaining the active site shape in bCinS without a specific role for the aromatic ring. Phe295 in bLinS, and the equivalent Ala301 in bCinS, are essential for linalool and cineole formation, respectively. Where Phe295 places steric constraints on the carbocation intermediates, Ala301 is essential for bCinS initial cyclisation and activity. Our multidisciplinary approach gives unique insights into how carefully placed amino acid residues in the active site can direct carbocations down specific paths, by placing steric constraints or offering stabilisation via cation-π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G H Leferink
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Andrés M Escorcia
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Bodi R Ouwersloot
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Linus O Johanissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marc W van der Kamp
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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9
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Hou A, Dickschat JS. The EI‐MS Fragmentation Mechanisms of the Bacterial Diterpenes Polytrichastrene A and Wanju‐2,5‐diene. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anwei Hou
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
- Institute of Microbiology Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Changdong Road No. 7777 330096 Nanchang China
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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10
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Chen Y, Li D, Ling Y, Liu Y, Zuo Z, Gan L, Luo S, Hua J, Chen D, Xu F, Li M, Guo K, Liu Y, Gershenzon J, Li S. A Cryptic Plant Terpene Cyclase Producing Unconventional 18‐ and 14‐Membered Macrocyclic C
25
and C
20
Terpenoids with Immunosuppressive Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐Gui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - De‐Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yi Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Li Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Li‐She Gan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences Wuyi University Jiangmen 529020 P. R. China
| | - Shi‐Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Juan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Ding‐Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | - Fan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences Wuyi University Jiangmen 529020 P. R. China
| | - Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
| | | | - Sheng‐Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences Kunming 650201 P. R. China
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11
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Chen YG, Li DS, Ling Y, Liu YC, Zuo ZL, Gan LS, Luo SH, Hua J, Chen DY, Xu F, Li M, Guo K, Liu Y, Gershenzon J, Li SH. A Cryptic Plant Terpene Cyclase Producing Unconventional 18- and 14-Membered Macrocyclic C 25 and C 20 Terpenoids with Immunosuppressive Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25468-25476. [PMID: 34580976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A versatile terpene synthase (LcTPS2) producing unconventional macrocyclic terpenoids was characterized from Leucosceptrum canum. Engineered Escherichia coli and Nicotiana benthamiana expressing LcTPS2 produced six 18-/14-membered sesterterpenoids including five new ones and two 14-membered diterpenoids. These products represent the first macrocyclic sesterterpenoids from plants and the largest sesterterpenoid ring system identified to date. Two variants F516A and F516G producing approximately 3.3- and 2.5-fold, respectively, more sesterterpenoids than the wild-type enzyme were engineered. Both 18- and 14-membered ring sesterterpenoids displayed significant inhibitory activity on the IL-2 and IFN-γ production of T cells probably via inhibition of the MAPK pathway. The findings will contribute to the development of efficient biocatalysts to create bioactive macrocyclic sesterterpenoids, and also herald a new potential in the well-trodden territory of plant terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Gui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - De-Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Li Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Li-She Gan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Juan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Ding-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | | | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China &, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of, Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
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12
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Dickschat JS, Xu H. Mechanistic Investigations on Microbial Type I Terpene Synthases through Site-Directed Mutagenesis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1675-8208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring the past three decades many terpene synthases have been characterised from all kingdoms of life. Enzymes of type I, from bacteria, fungi and protists, commonly exhibit several highly conserved motifs and single residues, and the available crystal structures show a shared α-helical fold, while the overall sequence identity is generally low. Several enzymes have been studied by site-directed mutagenesis, giving valuable insights into terpene synthase catalysis and the intriguing mechanisms of terpene synthases. Some mutants are also preparatively useful and give higher yields than the wild type or a different product that is otherwise difficult to access. The accumulated knowledge obtained from these studies is presented and discussed in this review.1 Introduction2 Residues for Substrate Binding and Catalysis3 Residues with Structural Function4 Residues Contouring the Active Site Cavity5 Other Residues6 Conclusions
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13
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Leferink NGH, Scrutton NS. Predictive Engineering of Class I Terpene Synthases Using Experimental and Computational Approaches. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100484. [PMID: 34669250 PMCID: PMC9298401 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a highly diverse group of natural products with considerable industrial interest. Increasingly, engineered microbes are used for the production of terpenoids to replace natural extracts and chemical synthesis. Terpene synthases (TSs) show a high level of functional plasticity and are responsible for the vast structural diversity observed in natural terpenoids. Their relatively inert active sites guide intrinsically reactive linear carbocation intermediates along one of many cyclisation paths via exertion of subtle steric and electrostatic control. Due to the absence of a strong protein interaction with these intermediates, there is a remarkable lack of sequence‐function relationship within the TS family, making product‐outcome predictions from sequences alone challenging. This, in combination with the fact that many TSs produce multiple products from a single substrate hampers the design and use of TSs in the biomanufacturing of terpenoids. This review highlights recent advances in genome mining, computational modelling, high‐throughput screening, and machine‐learning that will allow more predictive engineering of these fascinating enzymes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G H Leferink
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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Hou A, Dickschat JS. Targeting active site residues and structural anchoring positions in terpene synthases. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2441-2449. [PMID: 34621406 PMCID: PMC8450962 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sesterterpene synthase SmTS1 from Streptomyces mobaraensis contains several unusual residues in positions that are otherwise highly conserved. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments for these residues are reported that showed different effects, resulting in some cases in an improved catalytic activity, but in other cases in a loss of enzyme function. For other enzyme variants a functional switch was observed, turning SmTS1 from a sesterterpene into a diterpene synthase. This article gives rational explanations for these findings that may generally allow for protein engineering of other terpene synthases to improve their catalytic efficiency or to change their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwei Hou
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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15
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Hou A, Goldfuss B, Dickschat JS. Functional Switch and Ethyl Group Formation in the Bacterial Polytrichastrene Synthase from Chryseobacterium polytrichastri. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20781-20785. [PMID: 34318977 PMCID: PMC8518897 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A reinvestigation of the linalool synthase from Chryseobacterium polytrichastri uncovered its diterpene synthase activity, yielding polytrichastrene A and polytrichastrol A with new skeletons, besides known wanju-2,5-diene and thunbergol. The enzyme mechanism was investigated by isotopic labeling experiments and DFT calculations to explain an unusual ethyl group formation. Rationally designed exchanges of active site residues showed major functional switches, resulting for I66F in the production of five more new compounds, including polytrichastrene B and polytrichastrol B, while A87T, A192V and the double exchange A87T, A192V gave a product shift towards wanju-2,5-diene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwei Hou
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstraße 450939CologneGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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