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Stevenson S, Dorn HC. Fullertubes: A 30-Year Story of Prediction, Experimental Validation, and Applications for a Long-Missing Family of Soluble Carbon Molecules. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2154-2165. [PMID: 39042832 PMCID: PMC11309000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusDuring the last 30 years, theoretical scientists imagined segmental families of monolayer carbon tubules with fullerene-based end-caps. These fullertube molecules would possess structural features of both fullerenes (hemispherical end-caps) and tubular belts of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Yet, their experimental verification remained elusive for decades. It was not until 2020-2023 that segmental families of fullertubes were finally confirmed in the lab. The shocking irony is that these fullertubes were unwittingly coproduced alongside fullerenes (e.g., C60, C70, C84) in both flame and electric arc soot since the 1990s. Yet, nobody knew these "hidden" families of fullertubes were experimentally present in their extracted soot due to their low abundance and the absence of isolation methodology.This eruption of fullertube discoveries in 2020-2023 was brought to fruition by structural data, both DFT and experimental. This "Treasure Trove" of new molecules during this four-year window occurred with only microgram quantities. Typically, milligram levels of purified samples are required for X-ray crystallography and 13C NMR structural analysis. The breakthrough for experimentally verifying the missing fullertubes was an aminopropanol reagent to selectively react with and remove spheroidal carbon (e.g., C60, C70, C84) as hydrophilic derivatives. In contrast, there was suppressed reaction with fullertubes, which remained in organic solvent. It is well established that high symmetry (3-, 5-, and 6-fold) hemispheres for C60-Ih and other fullerenes and metallofullerenes are prerequisite end-caps for fullertubes. For the case of [5,5] C130 fullertubes, this requirement results in only eight 3-, 5-, and 6-fold symmetry structural isomers possible from a total of 39,393 possible isolated pentagon rule (IPR) isomers. From this C130 list of 8 candidate isolated pentagon rule (IPR) high symmetry isomers, surprisingly only one structure matched the DFT polarizability versus chromatographic retention parameter (a new gold standard for isomer identification). The simultaneous emergence of DFT computations of other properties (e.g., total energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, UV-vis) for large carbon molecules provided support for structural determination. Experimental approaches (e.g., mass spectrometry, UV-vis, XPS, Raman, and STEM) provided additional layers of structural elucidation at the microgram level. For the first time, we developed a chemical isolation protocol that would allow the preparation and isolation of soluble pristine fullertubes in the range of C90-C200. To date, applications of SWCNTs for use in nanoscale computer applications requires purities greater than 99.999%. Although this stringent mandate has not yet been demonstrated using SWCNT samples, this high level of purity appears achievable for metallic [5,5] D5d-C120 and semiconductor [10,0] D5h-C120 [10,766] fullertubes. Moreover, commercial production of pristine fullertubes should easily be feasible by the flame method due to its continuous operation and inexpensive feedstock. For application development, theoretical and electrochemical experimental data show that fullertubes exhibit high catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reactions. In the medical sector, pristine fullertube dispersions exhibit antimicrobial effects on Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. abscessus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Stevenson
- Department
of Chemistry, FIRST Molecules Center of Research, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Harry C. Dorn
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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2
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Feng X, Chen G, Cui Z, Qin R, Jiao W, Huang Z, Shang Z, Ma C, Zheng X, Han Y, Huang W. Engineering Electronic Structure of Nitrogen-Carbon Sites by sp 3 -Hybridized Carbon and Incorporating Chlorine to Boost Oxygen Reduction Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316314. [PMID: 38032121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of efficient and easy-to-prepare low-cost oxygen reaction electrocatalysts is essential for widespread application of rechargeable Zn-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, we mixed NaCl and ZIF-8 by simple physical milling and pyrolysis to obtain a metal-free porous electrocatalyst doped with Cl (mf-pClNC). The mf-pClNC electrocatalyst exhibits a good oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity (E1/2 =0.91 V vs. RHE) and high stability in alkaline electrolyte, exceeding most of the reported transition metal carbon-based electrocatalysts and being comparable to commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts. Likewise, the mf-pClNC electrocatalyst also shows state-of-the-art ORR activity and stability in acidic electrolyte. From experimental and theoretical calculations, the better ORR activity is most likely originated from the fact that the introduced Cl promotes the increase of sp3 -hybridized carbon, while the sp3 -hybridized carbon and Cl together modify the electronic structure of the N-adjacent carbons, as the active sites, while NaCl molten-salt etching provides abundant paths for the transport of electrons/protons. Furthermore, the liquid rechargeable ZAB using the mf-pClNC electrocatalyst as the cathode shows a fulfilling performance with a peak power density of 276.88 mW cm-2 . Flexible quasi-solid-state rechargeable ZAB constructed with the mf-pClNC electrocatalyst as the cathode exhibits an exciting performance both at low, high and room temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Feng
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute, and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Guanzhen Chen
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute, and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhibo Cui
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute, and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Rong Qin
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute, and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wensheng Jiao
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute, and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zeyi Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute, and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ziang Shang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute, and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Yunhu Han
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute, and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute, and Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Bourret E, Liu X, Noble CA, Cover K, Davidson TP, Huang R, Koenig RM, Reeves KS, Vlassiouk IV, Côté M, Baxter JS, Lupini AR, Geohegan DB, Dorn HC, Stevenson S. Colossal C 130 Fullertubes: Soluble [5,5] C 130-D 5h(1) Pristine Molecules with 70 Nanotube Carbons and Two 30-Atom Hemifullerene End-caps. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25942-25947. [PMID: 37890151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the seminal experimental isolation and DFT characterization of pristine [5,5] C130-D5h(1) fullertubes. This achievement represents the largest soluble carbon molecule obtained in its pristine form. The [5,5] C130 species is the highest aspect ratio fullertube purified to date and now surpasses the recent gigantic [5,5] C120-D5d(1). In contrast to C90, C100, and C120 fullertubes, the longer C130-D5h has more nanotubular carbons (70) than end-cap fullerenyl atoms (60). Starting from 39,393 possible C130 isolated pentagon rule (IPR) structures and after analyzing polarizability, retention time, and UV-vis spectra, these three layers of data remarkably predict a single candidate isomer and fullertube, [5,5] C130-D5h(1). This structural assignment is augmented by atomic resolution STEM data showing distinctive and tubular "pill-like" structures with diameters and aspect ratios consistent with [5,5] C130-D5h(1) fullertubes. The high selectivity of the aminopropanol reaction with spheroidal fullerenes permits facile separation and removal of fullertubes from soot extracts. Experimental analyses (HPLC retention time, UV-vis, and STEM) were synergistically used (with polarizability and DFT property calculations) to down select and confirm the C130 fullertube structure. Achieving the isolation of a new [5,5] C130-D5h fullertube opens the door to application development and fundamental studies of electron confinement, fluorescence, and metallic character for a fullertube series of molecules with systematic tubular elongation. This [5,5] fullertube family also invites comparative studies with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), nanohorns (SWCNHs), and fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bourret
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Cora A Noble
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Kevin Cover
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Tanisha P Davidson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
- FIRST Molecules Center, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - K Shawn Reeves
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ivan V Vlassiouk
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michel Côté
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Jefferey S Baxter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Andrew R Lupini
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - David B Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Harry C Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
- FIRST Molecules Center, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
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Li N, Guo K, Li M, Shao X, Du Z, Bao L, Yu Z, Lu X. Fullerene Fragment Restructuring: How Spatial Proximity Shapes Defect-Rich Carbon Electrocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37922470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene transformation emerges as a powerful route to construct defect-rich carbon electrocatalysts, but the carbon bond breakage and reformation that determine the defect states remain poorly understood. Here, we explicitly reveal that the spatial proximity of disintegrated fullerene imposes a crucial impact on the bond reformation and electrocatalytic properties. A counterintuitive hard-template strategy is adopted to enable the space-tuned fullerene restructuring by calcining impregnated C60 not only before but also after the removal of rigid silica spheres (∼300 nm). When confined in the SiO2 nanovoids, the adjacent C60 fragments form sp3 bonding with adverse electron transfer and active site exposure. In contrast, the unrestricted fragments without SiO2 confinement reconnect at the edges to form sp2-hybridized nanosheets while retaining high-density intrinsic defects. The optimized catalyst exhibits robust alkaline oxygen reduction performance with a half-wave potential of 0.82 V via the 4e- pathway. Copper poisoning affirms the intrinsic defects as the authentic active sites. Density functional theory calculations further substantiate that pentagons in the basal plane lead to localized structural distortion and thus exhibit significantly reduced energy barriers for the first O2 dissociation step. Such space-regulated fullerene restructuring is also verified by heating C60 crystals confined in gallium liquid and a quartz tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Xiudi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhiling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhixin Yu
- Department of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Han S, Wu Y, Peng S, Xu Y, Sun M, Su X, Zhong Y, Wen H, He J, Yu L. Boosting the electrochemical performance of Zn-air battery with N/O co-doped biochar catalyst via a simple physical strategy of forced convection intensity. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2023.118615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Li W, Wang C, Wang T. Metallofullertube: From Tubular Endohedral Structures to Properties. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200507. [PMID: 36018612 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metallofullertubes are endohedral metallofullerenes with tubular fullerene cage possessing the segment of carbon nanotubes. Metallofullertubes have endohedral metal atom, fullerene cap and nanotube segment. Therefore, it is conceivable that this new kind of molecular materials would bring on many unexpected properties. In recent years, several pioneer metallofullertubes have been successfully reported, such as La2 @D5 (450)-C100 , Ce2 @D5 (450)-C100 , Sm2 @D3d (822)-C104 . Apart from the great effort to synthesize molecules and determine their structures, the physical and chemical properties of metallofullertubes are still waiting to be explored. In this minireview, we revisit the structures of reported metallofullertubes, and then we highlight their electronic and supramolecular properties. Finally, some perspectives for the development of metallofullertubes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
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7
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Liu X, Bourret E, Noble CA, Cover K, Koenig RM, Huang R, Franklin HM, Feng X, Bodnar RJ, Zhang F, Tao C, Sublett DM, Dorn HC, Stevenson S. Gigantic C 120 Fullertubes: Prediction and Experimental Evidence for Isomerically Purified Metallic [5,5] C 120-D 5d(1) and Nonmetallic [10,0] C 120-D 5h(10766). J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16287-16291. [PMID: 36037095 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the first experimental characterization of isomerically pure and pristine C120 fullertubes, [5,5] C120-D5d(1) and [10,0] C120-D5h(10766). These new molecules represent the highest aspect ratio fullertubes isolated to date; for example, the prior largest empty cage fullertube was [5,5] C100-D5d(1). This increase of 20 carbon atoms represents a gigantic leap in comparison to three decades of C60-C90 fullerene research. Moreover, the [10,0] C120-D5d(10766) fullertube has an end-cap derived from C80-Ih and is a new fullertube whose C40 end-cap has not yet been isolated experimentally. Theoretical and experimental analyses of anisotropic polarizability and UV-vis assign C120 isomer I as a [5,5] C120-D5d(1) fullertube. C120 isomer II matches a [10,0] C120-D5h(10766) fullertube. These structural assignments are further supported by Raman data showing metallic character for [5,5] C120-D5d(1) and nonmetallic character for C120-D5h(10766). STM imaging reveals a tubular structure with an aspect ratio consistent with a [5,5] C120-D5d(1) fullertube. With microgram quantities not amenable to crystallography, we demonstrate that DFT anisotropic polarizability, augmented by long-accepted experimental analyses (HPLC retention time, UV-vis, Raman, and STM) can be synergistically used (with DFT) to down select, predict, and assign C120 fullertube candidate structures. From 10 774 mathematically possible IPR C120 structures, this anisotropic polarizability paradigm is quite favorable to distinguish tubular structures from carbon soot. Identification of isomers I and II was surprisingly facile, i.e., two purified isomers for two possible structures of widely distinguishing features. These metallic and nonmetallic C120 fullertube isomers open the door to both fundamental research and application development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emmanuel Bourret
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Cora A Noble
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Kevin Cover
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hannah M Franklin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Xu Feng
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Robert J Bodnar
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chenggang Tao
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - D Matthew Sublett
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Harry C Dorn
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
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Schiemenz S, Koenig RM, Stevenson S, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Vibrational anatomy of C 90, C 96, and C 100 fullertubes: probing Frankenstein's skeletal structures of fullerene head endcaps and nanotube belt midsection. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10823-10834. [PMID: 35829712 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01870e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fullertubes are tubular fullerenes with nanotube-like middle section and fullerene-like endcaps. To understand how this intermediate form between spherical fullerenes and nanotubes is reflected in the vibrational modes, we performed comprehensive studies of IR and Raman spectra of fullertubes C90-D5h, C96-D3d, and C100-D5d. An excellent agreement between experimental and DFT-computed spectra enabled a detailed vibrational assignment and allowed an analysis of the localization degree of the vibrational modes in different parts of fullertubes. Projection analysis was performed to establish an exact numerical correspondence between vibrations of the belt midsection and fullerene headcaps to the modes of nanotubes and fullerene C60-Ih. As a result, we could not only identify fullerene-like and CNT-like vibrations of fullertubes, but also trace their origin in specific vibrational modes of CNT and C60-Ih. IR spectra were found to be dominated by vibrations of fullerene-like caps resembling IR-active modes of C60-Ih, whereas in Raman spectra both caps and belt vibrations are found to be equally active. Unlike the resonance Raman spectra of CNTs, in which only two single-phonon bands are detected, the Raman spectra of fullertubes exhibit several CNT-like vibrations and thus provide additional information on nanotube phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA.
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA.
| | - Stanislav M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Sun ZH, Zhang X, Yang XD, Shi WN, Huang YQ, Men YL, Yang J, Zhou ZY. Identification of a pyrone-type species as the active site for the oxygen reduction reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8998-9001. [PMID: 35861624 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bicyclic pyrone-type species on oxygen-doped carbon catalysts was identified as the active site for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic solution. It has much higher activity than that of typical nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts (0.219 e s-1 site-1vs. 0.021-0.088 e s-1 site-1 at 0.6 VRHE). The ortho-carbon atom in the carbonyl ring of the pyrone-type species was revealed as the reactive site by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hong Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 362021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 362021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen-Na Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 362021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Qing Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 362021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Ling Men
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 362021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-You Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.
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