1
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Schmidt TA, Hutskalova V, Sparr C. Atroposelective catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:497-517. [PMID: 38890539 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomeric compounds-stereoisomers that arise from the restricted rotation about a single bond-have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their immense potential for applications in a variety of fields, including medicinal chemistry, catalysis and molecular nanoscience. This increased interest led to the invention of new molecular motors, the incorporation of atropisomers into drug discovery programmes and a wide range of novel atroposelective reactions, including those that simultaneously control multiple stereogenic axes. A diverse set of synthetic methodologies, which can be grouped into desymmetrizations, (dynamic) kinetic resolutions, cross-coupling reactions and de novo ring formations, is available for the catalyst-controlled stereoselective synthesis of various atropisomer classes. In this Review, we generalize the concepts for the catalyst-controlled stereoselective synthesis of atropisomers within these categories with an emphasis on recent advancements and underdeveloped atropisomeric scaffolds beyond stereogenic C(sp2)-C(sp2) axes. We also discuss more complex systems with multiple stereogenic axes or higher-order stereogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanno A Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Sun Y, Yang T, Wang Q, Shi L, Song MP, Niu JL. Atroposelective N-N Axes Synthesis via Electrochemical Cobalt Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:5063-5068. [PMID: 38864356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Here, we disclosed an unprecedented cobalt electrocatalyzed atroposelective C-H activation and annulation for the efficient construction of diversely functionalized N-N axes in an undivided cell. A broad range of allene substrates and benzamides bearing different functionalities are compatible with generating axially chiral products with good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 92% yield and 99% ee). A series of synthetic applications and control experiments were also performed, which further expanded the practicality of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Sun
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Taixin Yang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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3
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Wang J, Pan D, Wang F, Yu S, Huang G, Li X. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Larock reaction for the atroposelective synthesis of N─N chiral indoles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado4489. [PMID: 38728391 PMCID: PMC11086601 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomeric indoles defined by a N─N axis are an important class of heterocycles in synthetic and medicinal chemistry and material sciences. However, they remain heavily underexplored due to limited synthetic methods and challenging stereocontrol over the short N─N bonds. Here, we report highly atroposelective access to N─N axially chiral indoles via the asymmetric Larock reaction. This protocol leveraged the powerful role of chiral phosphoramidite ligand to attenuate the common ligand dissociation in the original Larock reaction, forming N─N chiral indoles with excellent functional group tolerance and high enantioselectivity via palladium-catalyzed intermolecular annulation between readily available o-iodoaniline and alkynes. The multifunctionality in the prepared chiral indoles allowed diverse post-coupling synthetic transformations, affording a broad array of functionalized chiral indoles. Experimental and computational studies have been conducted to explore the reaction mechanism, elucidating the enantio-determining and rate-limiting steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, (China)
| | - Fen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
| | - Songjie Yu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, (China)
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, (China)
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, (China)
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4
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Deng R, Dong P, Ge J, Zhang W, Xue X, Duan L, Shi L, Gu Z. Regio- and Atroposelective Ring-Opening of 1H-Benzo[4,5]oxazolopyridinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402231. [PMID: 38407456 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of new methods for regio- and stereoselective activation of C-O bonds in ethers holds significant promise for synthetic chemistry, offering advantages in terms of environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. Moreover, the C-N atropisomers represent a fascinating and crucial chiral system, extensively found in natural products, pharmaceutical leads, and the frameworks of advanced materials. In this work, we have introduced a nickel-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective carbon-oxygen arylation reaction for atroposelective synthesis of N-arylisoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones. The high regioselectivity of C-O cleavage benefits from the high stability of the in situ formed (amido)ethenolate via oxidative addition. Additionally, the self-activation of the aryl C-O bond facilitates the reaction under mild conditions, leading to outstanding enantioselectivities. The diverse post-functionalizations of the axially chiral isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones further highlighted the utility of this protocol in preparing valuable C-N atropisomers, including the chiral phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixian Deng
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Puyang Dong
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jimeng Ge
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoping Xue
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Longhui Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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5
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Liu SJ, Zhao Q, Liu XC, Gamble AB, Huang W, Yang QQ, Han B. Bioactive atropisomers: Unraveling design strategies and synthetic routes for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38515232 DOI: 10.1002/med.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomerism, an expression of axial chirality caused by limited bond rotation, is a prominent aspect within the field of medicinal chemistry. It has been shown that atropisomers of a wide range of compounds, including established FDA-approved drugs and experimental molecules, display markedly different biological activities. The time-dependent reversal of chirality in atropisomers poses complexity and obstacles in the process of drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, recent progress in understanding atropisomerism and enhanced characterization methods have greatly assisted medicinal chemists in the effective development of atropisomeric drug molecules. This article provides a comprehensive review of their special design thoughts, synthetic routes, and biological activities, serving as a reference for the synthesis and biological evaluation of bioactive atropisomers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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6
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Ye M, Li C, Xiao D, Qu G, Yuan B, Sun Z. Atroposelective Synthesis of Aldehydes via Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Desymmetrization. JACS AU 2024; 4:411-418. [PMID: 38425895 PMCID: PMC10900225 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Axially chiral aldehydes have emerged recently as a unique class of motifs for drug design. However, few biocatalytic strategies have been reported to construct structurally diverse atropisomeric aldehydes. Herein, we describe the characterization of alcohol dehydrogenases to catalyze atroposelective desymmetrization of the biaryl dialdehydes. Investigations into the interactions between the substrate and key residues of the enzymes revealed the distinct origin of atroposelectivity. A panel of 13 atropisomeric monoaldehydes was synthesized with moderate to high enantioselectivity (up to >99% ee) and yields (up to 99%). Further derivatization allows enhancement of the diversity and application potential of the atropisomeric compounds. This study effectively expands the scope of enzymatic synthesis of atropisomeric aldehydes and provides insights into the binding modes and recognition mechanisms of such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Ye
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic
Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic
Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic
Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic
Area, Tianjin 300308, China
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7
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Li Y, Li X. Theoretical insights into the enantiodivergence induced by chiral phosphoric acid catalysis with a Lewis acid for the synthesis of N-N axially chiral atropisomers. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1654-1661. [PMID: 38295370 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02011h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A detailed theoretical mechanistic investigation on chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed Paal-Knorr reactions, in the presence and absence of a Lewis acid, for the synthesis of N-N axially chiral atropisomers is described herein. Density functional theory (DFT) studies elucidate that in the absence of a Lewis acid, CPA catalyzes both the initial cyclization and the subsequent dehydroxylation processes, ambiguously identified as the rate-determining step in the reactions. Conversely, when a Lewis acid participates in the reaction, it facilitates the second dehydroxylation process with a significantly lower energy barrier, thereby reversing the rate-determining step to the initial cyclization step. It is noteworthy that in the case of N-aminoindoles, both the S-configurational transition state TS1 in the cyclization step and TS2 in the dehydroxylation process are favourable. In contrast, for the synthesis of a bispyrrole, the R-configurational TS1 and the S-configurational TS2 are dominant. Therefore, the enantiodivergence observed is essentially induced by the reversed rate-determining steps in the absence or presence of a Lewis acid in the case of a bispyrrole. Furthermore, the non-covalent interaction (NCI) and atoms-in-molecules (AIM) analysis of the TS structures reveal that the non-covalent interactions play a pivotal role in determining the enantiodivergence observed in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanze Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Xinyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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8
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Wang JY, Gao CH, Ma C, Wu XY, Ni SF, Tan W, Shi F. Design and Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Furan-Indole Compounds Bearing both Axial and Central Chirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316454. [PMID: 38155472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
In the chemistry community, catalytic asymmetric synthesis of furan-based compounds bearing both axial and central chirality has proven to be a significant but challenging issue owing to the importance and difficulty in constructing such frameworks. In this work, we have realized the first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of five-five-membered furan-based compounds bearing both axial and central chirality via organocatalytic asymmetric (2+4) annulation of achiral furan-indoles with 2,3-indolyldimethanols with uncommon regioselectivity. By this strategy, furan-indole compounds bearing both axial and central chirality were synthesized in high yields with excellent regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities. Moreover, theoretical calculations were conducted to provide an in-depth understanding of the reaction pathway, activation mode, and the origin of the selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Cong-Hui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xin-Yue Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Wei Tan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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9
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Li JH, Li XK, Feng J, Yao W, Zhang H, Lu CJ, Liu RR. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Seven-Membered Ring with Inherent Chirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319289. [PMID: 38185722 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Inherent chirality is used to describe chiral cyclic molecules devoid of central, axial, planar, or helical chirality and has tremendous applications in chiral recognition and enantioselective synthesis. Catalytic and divergent syntheses of inherently chiral molecules have attracted increasing interest from chemists. Herein, we report the enantioselective synthesis of inherently chiral tribenzocycloheptene derivatives via chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed condensation of cyclic ketones and hydroxylamines. This chemistry paves the way to accessing the less stable derivatives of 7-membered rings with inherent chirality. A series of chiral tribenzocycloheptene oxime ethers was synthesized in good yields (up to 97 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao-Kai Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wang Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
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10
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Yang QQ, Chen C, Yao D, Liu W, Liu B, Zhou J, Pan D, Peng C, Zhan G, Han B. Catalytic Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Azomethine Imines and Neuroprotective Activity Evaluation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312663. [PMID: 38032817 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Azomethine imines, as a prominent class of 1,3-dipolar species, hold great significance and potential in organic and medicinal chemistry. However, the reported synthesis of centrally chiral azomethine imines relies on kinetic resolution, and the construction of axially chiral azomethine imines remains unexplored. Herein, we present the synthesis of axially chiral azomethine imines through copper- or chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed ring-closure reactions of N'-(2-alkynylbenzylidene)hydrazides, showcasing high efficiency, mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and excellent enantioselectivity. Furthermore, the biological evaluation revealed that the synthesized axially chiral azomethine imines effectively protect dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons by inhibiting apoptosis induced by oxaliplatin, offering a promising therapeutic approach for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Remarkably, the (S)- and (R)-atropisomers displayed distinct neuroprotective activities, underscoring the significance of axial stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Dahong Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Dabo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Gu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
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11
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Zhang HH, Li TZ, Liu SJ, Shi F. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomers Bearing Multiple Chiral Elements: An Emerging Field. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311053. [PMID: 37917574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of asymmetric catalysis, the demand for the enantioselective synthesis of complex and diverse molecules with different chiral elements is increasing. Owing to the unique features of atropisomerism, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of atropisomers has attracted a considerable interest from the chemical science community. In particular, introducing additional chiral elements, such as carbon centered chirality, heteroatomic chirality, planar chirality, and helical chirality, into atropisomers provides an opportunity to incorporate new properties into axially chiral compounds, thus expanding the potential applications of atropisomers. Thus, it is important to perform catalytic asymmetric transformations to synthesize atropisomers bearing multiple chiral elements. In spite of challenges in such transformations, in recent years, chemists have devised powerful strategies under asymmetric organocatalysis or metal catalysis, synthesizing a wide range of enantioenriched atropisomers bearing multiple chiral elements. Therefore, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of atropisomers bearing multiple chiral elements has become an emerging field. This review summarizes the rapid progress in this field and indicates challenges, thereby promoting this field to a new horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hao Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Tian-Zhen Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Si-Jia Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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12
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Wang SJ, Wang X, Xin X, Zhang S, Yang H, Wong MW, Lu S. Organocatalytic diastereo- and atroposelective construction of N-N axially chiral pyrroles and indoles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:518. [PMID: 38225235 PMCID: PMC10789812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction of N-N axially chiral motifs is an important research topic, owing to their wide occurrence in natural products, pharmaceuticals and chiral ligands. One efficient method is the atroposelective dihydropyrimidin-4-one formation. We present herein a direct catalytic synthesis of N-N atropisomers with simultaneous creation of contiguous axial and central chirality by oxidative NHC (N-heterocyclic carbenes) catalyzed (3 + 3) cycloaddition. Using our method, we are able to synthesize structurally diverse N-N axially chiral pyrroles and indoles with vicinal central chirality or bearing a 2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4-one moiety in moderate to good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Further synthetic transformations of the obtained axially chiral pyrroles and indoles derivative products are demonstrated. The reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity are understood through DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaolan Xin
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shulei Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Shenci Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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13
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Fan R, Wen H, Chen Z, Xia Y, Fang W. A General Protocol toward Synthesis of 3-Methylindoles Using Acenaphthoimidazolyidene-Ligated Oxazoline Palladacycle. Org Lett 2024; 26:22-28. [PMID: 38127726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
An efficient catalytic strategy toward the synthesis of N-substituted 3-methylindoles from inactive o-dihaloarenes and N-allylamines was developed by using a 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acenaphthoimidazol-2-ylidene (AnIPr)-ligated oxazoline palladacycle. It enabled a very broad substrate scope tolerating different functional groups, electronic properties, and steric bulkiness and afforded desired products in good to excellent yields. Importantly, it showed great potential to synthesize several bioactive compounds and key intermediates of natural products in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqian Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haili Wen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weiwei Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
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14
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Yamanomoto K, Yamamoto K, Yoshida S, Sato S, Akiyama T. Enantioselective synthesis of 3-( N-indolyl)quinolines containing axial and central chiralities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:582-585. [PMID: 38095093 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05142k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Quinoline and indole are important core structures in biologically active compounds and materials. Atropisomeric biaryls consisting of quinoline and indole are a unique class of axially chiral molecules. We report herein enantioselective synthesis of 3-(N-indolyl)quinolines having both C-N axial chirality and carbon central chirality by a photoredox Minisci-type addition reaction catalyzed by a chiral lithium phosphate/Ir-photoredox complex. The catalytic system enabled access to a unique class of 3-(N-indolyl)quinolines with high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities in good yields through the appropriate choice of an acid catalyst and a photocatalyst. This is the first example of the synthesis of 3-(N-indolyl)quinoline atropisomers in a highly enantioselective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamanomoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kota Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Division of Advanced Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takahiko Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
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15
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Feng J, Liu RR. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of N-N Biaryl Atropisomers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303165. [PMID: 37850396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomers have emerged as important structural scaffolds in natural products, drug design, and asymmetric synthesis. Recently, N-N biaryl atropisomers have drawn increasing interest due to their unique structure and relatively stable axes. However, its asymmetric synthesis remains scarce compared to its well-developed C-C biaryl analogs. In this concept, we summarize the asymmetric synthesis of N-N biaryl atropisomers including N-N pyrrole-pyrrole, N-N pyrrole-indole, N-N indole-indole, and N-N indole-carbazole, during which a series synthetic strategies are highlighted. Also, a synthetic evolution is briefly reviewed and an outlook of N-N biaryl atropisomers synthesis is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
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16
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Rizzo C, Pace A, Pibiri I, Buscemi S, Palumbo Piccionello A. From Conventional to Sustainable Catalytic Approaches for Heterocycles Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202301604. [PMID: 38140917 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is fundamental for all the research area in chemistry, from drug synthesis to material science. In this framework, catalysed synthetic methods are of great interest to effective reach such important building blocks. In this review, we will report on some selected examples from the last five years, of the major improvement in the field, focusing on the most important conventional catalytic systems, such as transition metals, organocatalysts, to more sustainable ones such as photocatalysts, iodine-catalysed reaction, electrochemical reactions and green innovative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rizzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Italy, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo
| | - Andrea Pace
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Italy, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo
| | - Ivana Pibiri
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Italy, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo
| | - Silvestre Buscemi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Italy, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo
| | - Antonio Palumbo Piccionello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Italy, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo
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17
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Wei Y, Sun F, Li G, Xu S, Zhang M, Hong L. Enantioselective Synthesis of N-N Amide-Pyrrole Atropisomers via Paal-Knorr Reaction. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38109522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric construction of monoheteroaryl N-N axially chiral compounds and chiral five-membered aryl-based scaffolds remains challenging. Herein, we present a highly efficient enantioselective synthesis of monoheteroaryl N-N atropisomers via an asymmetric Paal-Knorr reaction, affording a diverse array of N-N amide-pyrrole atropisomers with excellent enantioselectivities. Gram-scale synthesis and post-transformations of the product demonstrated the synthesis utility of this method. Racemization experiments confirmed the configurational stability of these N-N axially chiral products. This study not only provides the first de novo cyclization example for accessing an asymmetric monoheteroaryl N-N scaffold but also offers a new member of the N-N atropisomer family with potential synthetic and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - ShiYu Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Hong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Zhou P, Yang WT, Hao WJ, Jiang B. Copper(II)/DBU Relay Catalyzed Annulation of α-Carbonyl-γ-alkynyl Sulfoxonium Ylides for Accessing N-Sulfonamido 2 H-Isoindoles. Org Lett 2023; 25:8495-8500. [PMID: 37975753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A copper(II)/DBU relay catalyzed annulation of α-carbonyl-γ-alkynyl sulfoxonium ylides as a new class of sulfoxonium ylide reagents with sulfonyl hydrazides is reported, enabling intramolecular oxygen migration to produce a series of N-sulfonamido 2H-isoindoles with good yields. The present annulation proceeded readily by combining the Cu(II)-catalyzed 6-endo-dig oxo-cyclization with the DBU-catalyzed isochromene skeletal rearrangement, resulting in the formation of multiple new chemical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Wei-Tao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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19
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Wang CS, Xiong Q, Xu H, Yang HR, Dang Y, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N, N'-pyrrolylindoles via de novo indole formation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12091-12097. [PMID: 37969599 PMCID: PMC10631393 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The first organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N,N'-pyrrolylindoles based on o-alkynylanilines was successfully established via de novo indole formation catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid (CPA). This new synthetic strategy introduced CPA-catalyzed asymmetric 5-endo-dig cyclization of new well-designed o-alkynylanilines containing a pyrrolyl unit, resulting in a wide range of axially chiral N,N'-pyrrolylindoles in high yields with exclusive regioselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% yield, >20 : 1 rr, 95 : 5 er). Considering the potential biological significance of N-N atropisomers, preliminary biological activity studies were performed and revealed that these structurally important N,N'-pyrrolylindoles had a low IC50 value with promising impressive cytotoxicity against several kinds of cancer cell lines. DFT studies reveal that the N-nucleophilic cyclization mediated by CPA is the rate- and stereo-determining step, in which ligand-substrate dispersion interactions facilitate the axial chirality of the target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qi Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Hao-Ran Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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20
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Zhan LW, Lu CJ, Feng J, Liu RR. Atroposelective Synthesis of C-N Vinylindole Atropisomers by Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroarylation of 1-Alkynylindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312930. [PMID: 37747364 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed hydroarylation of unsymmetrical internal alkynes remains challenging because of the difficulty in controlling regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Moreover, the enantioselective hydroarylation of alkynes using organoboron reagents has not been reported. Herein, we report for the first time that palladium compounds can catalyze the hydroarylation of 1-alkynylindoles with organoborons for the synthesis of chiral C-N atropisomers. A series of rarely reported vinylindole atropisomers was synthesized with excellent regio-, stereo- (Z-selectivity), and enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. The ready availability of organoborons and alkynes and the simplicity, high stereoselectivity, and good functional group tolerance of this catalytic system make it highly attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
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21
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Han TJ, Guan CY, Li N, Dong R, Xu LP, Xiao X, Wang MC, Mei GJ. Catalytic atroposelective synthesis of heterobiaryls with vicinal C-C and N-N diaxes via dynamic kinetic resolution. iScience 2023; 26:107978. [PMID: 37822512 PMCID: PMC10562788 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is a highly efficient dynamic kinetic resolution protocol for the atroposelective synthesis of heterobiaryls with vicinal C-C and N-N diaxes. Atropisomers bearing vicinal diaxes mainly exist in o-triaryls, while that of biaryls is highly challenging in terms of the concerted rotation and deplanarization effects. The combination of C-C biaryl with N-N nonbiaryl delivers a novel class of vicinal-diaxis heterobiaryls. For their atroposelective synthesis, the dynamic kinetic resolution enabled by either quinine-catalyzed allylation or isothiourea-catalyzed acylation has been developed, allowing the preparation of a wide range of vicinal-axis heterobiaryls in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. Atropisomerization experiments revealed that the C-C bond rotation led to diastereomers, and the N-N bond rotation offered enantiomers. Besides, this protocol could be extended to kinetic resolution by employing substrates with a more hindered axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiao Han
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chun-Yan Guan
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Dong
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic China
| | - Min-Can Wang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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22
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Zhou X, Huang Q, Guo J, Dai L, Lu Y. Molecular Editing of Pyrroles via a Skeletal Recasting Strategy. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1758-1767. [PMID: 37780359 PMCID: PMC10540293 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic scaffolds are commonly found in numerous biologically active molecules, therapeutic agents, and agrochemicals. To probe chemical space around heterocycles, many powerful molecular editing strategies have been devised. Versatile C-H functionalization strategies allow for peripheral modifications of heterocyclic motifs, often being specific and taking place at multiple sites. The past few years have seen the quick emergence of exciting "single-atom skeletal editing" strategies, through one-atom deletion or addition, enabling ring contraction/expansion and structural diversification, as well as scaffold hopping. The construction of heterocycles via deconstruction of simple heterocycles is unknown. Herein, we disclose a new molecular editing method which we name the skeletal recasting strategy. Specifically, by tapping on the 1,3-dipolar property of azoalkenes, we recast simple pyrroles to fully substituted pyrroles, through a simple phosphoric acid-promoted one-pot reaction consisting of dearomative deconstruction and rearomative reconstruction steps. The reaction allows for easy access to synthetically challenging tetra-substituted pyrroles which are otherwise difficult to synthesize. Furthermore, we construct N-N axial chirality on our pyrrole products, as well as accomplish a facile synthesis of the anticancer drug, Sutent. The potential application of this method to other heterocycles has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhou
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Qingqin Huang
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiami Guo
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lei Dai
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yixin Lu
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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23
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Feng J, Lu CJ, Liu RR. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomers Featuring an Aza Axis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2537-2554. [PMID: 37694726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAtropisomers bearing a rotation-restricted axis are common structural units in natural products, chiral ligands, and drugs; thus, the prevalence of asymmetric synthesis has increased in recent decades. Research into atropisomers featuring an N-containing axis (N-X atropisomers) remains in its infancy compared with the well-developed C-C atropisomer analogue. Notably, N-X atropisomers could offer divergent scaffolds, which are extremely important in bioactive molecules. The asymmetric synthesis of N-X atropisomers is recognized as both appealing and challenging. Recently, we devoted our efforts to the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of N-X atropisomers, benzimidazole-aryl N-C atropisomers, indole-aryl N-C atropisomers, hydrogen-bond-assisted N-C atropisomers, pyrrole-pyrrole N-N atropisomers, pyrrole-indole N-N atropisomers, and indole-indole N-N atropisomers. To obtain the N-C atropisomers, an asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig reaction of amidines or enamines was employed. Using a Pd(OAc)2/(S)-BINAP or Pd(OAc)2/(S)-Xyl-BINAP catalyst system, benzimidazole-aryl N-C atropisomers and indole-aryl N-C atropisomers were readily obtained. To address the issue of the reduced stability of the diarylamine axis, a six-membered intramolecular N-H-O hydrogen bond was introduced into the N-C atropisomer scaffold. A tandem N-arylation/oxidation process was used for the chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of N-aryl quinone atropisomers. For N-N atropisomers, a copper-mediated asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation/arylation reaction was developed. The desymmetrization process was completed successfully via a Cu(OTf)2/chiral bisoxazoline or (CuOTf)·Tol/bis(phosphine) dioxide system, thereby achieving the first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of N/N bipyrrole atropisomers. Asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig amination of enamines was utilized to provide N-N bisindole atropisomers with excellent stereogenic control. This was the first asymmetric synthesis of N-N atropisomers featuring a bisindole structural scaffold using the de novo indole construction strategy. The asymmetric N-N heterobiaryl atropisomer synthesis was substantially facilitated using palladium-catalyzed transient directing group (TDG)-mediated C-H functionalization. Atropisomeric alkenylation, allylation, or alkynylation was accomplished using the Pd(OAc)2/l-tert-leucine system. Herein, we summarize our work on the palladium-, copper-, and CPA-catalyzed asymmetric syntheses of N-C and N-N atropisomers. Furthermore, the application of our work in the synthesis of bioactive molecule analogues and axially chiral ligands is demonstrated. Subsequently, the stability of the chiral N-containing axis is briefly discussed in terms of single crystals and obtained rotational barriers. Finally, an outlook on the asymmetric N-X atropisomer synthesis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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24
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Hao Y, Li ZH, Ma ZG, Liu RX, Ge RT, Li QZ, Ding TM, Zhang SY. Axially chiral styrene-based organocatalysts and their application in asymmetric cascade Michael/cyclization reaction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9496-9502. [PMID: 37712017 PMCID: PMC10498726 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02705h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An axially chiral styrene-based organocatalyst, featuring a combination of axially chiral styrene-based structure and a pyrrole ring, has been designed and synthesized. This catalyst demonstrates remarkable capabilities in producing a wide range of densely substituted spirooxindoles that feature an alkyne-substituted quaternary stereogenic center. These spirooxindoles are generated through mild cascade Michael/cyclization reactions, resulting in high conversion rates and exceptional enantioselectivity. Our catalytic model, based on experiments, X-ray structure analysis and DFT calculations suggests that chiral matched π-π interactions and multiple H-bonds between the organocatalyst and substrates play significant roles in controlling the stereoselectivity of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zi-Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Ru-Xin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Rui-Tian Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Quan-Zhe Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Tong-Mei Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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25
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Yin SY, Zhou Q, Liu CX, Gu Q, You SL. Enantioselective Synthesis of N-N Biaryl Atropisomers through Iridium(I)-Catalyzed C-H Alkylation with Acrylates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305067. [PMID: 37140049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective synthesis of N-N biaryl atropisomers is an emerging area but remains underexplored. The development of efficient synthesis of N-N biaryl atropisomers is in great demand. Herein, the construction of N-N biaryl atropisomers through iridium-catalyzed asymmetric C-H alkylation is reported for the first time. In the presence of readily available Ir precursor and Xyl-BINAP, a variety of axially chiral molecules based on indole-pyrrole skeleton were obtained in good yields (up to 98 %) with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee). In addition, N-N bispyrrole atropisomers could also be synthesized in excellent yields and enantioselectivity. This method features perfect atom economy, wide substrate scope, and multifunctionalized products allowing diverse transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiansujia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Material and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Chen-Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Material and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
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26
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Zhang JY, Chen JY, Gao CH, Yu L, Ni SF, Tan W, Shi F. Asymmetric (4+n) Cycloadditions of Indolyldimethanols for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Indole-Fused Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305450. [PMID: 37345905 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric construction of chiral indole-fused rings has become an important issue in the chemical community because of the significance of such scaffolds. In this work, we have accomplished the first catalytic asymmetric (4+2) and (4+3) cycloadditions of 2,3-indolyldimethanols by using indoles and 2-naphthols as suitable reaction partners under the catalysis of chiral phosphoric acids, constructing enantioenriched indole-fused six-membered and seven-membered rings in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. In addition, this approach is used to realize the first enantioselective construction of challenging tetrahydroindolocarbazole scaffolds, which are found to show promising anticancer activity. More importantly, theoretical calculations of the reaction pathways and activation mode offer an in-depth understanding of this class of indolylmethanols. This work not only settles the challenges in realizing catalytic asymmetric cycloadditions of indolyldimethanols but also provides a powerful strategy for the construction of enantioenriched indole-fused rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 221116, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, 515063, Shantou, China
| | - Cong-Hui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 221116, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 221116, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, 515063, Shantou, China
| | - Wei Tan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 221116, Xuzhou, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 221116, Xuzhou, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 213164, Changzhou, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 453007, Xinxiang, China
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27
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Li T, Shi L, Wang X, Yang C, Yang D, Song MP, Niu JL. Cobalt-catalyzed atroposelective C-H activation/annulation to access N-N axially chiral frameworks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5271. [PMID: 37644016 PMCID: PMC10465517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-N atropisomer, as an important and intriguing chiral system, was widely present in natural products, pharmaceutical lead compounds, and advanced material skeletons. The anisotropic structural characteristics caused by its special axial rotation have always been one of the challenges that chemists strive to overcome. Herein, we report an efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of N-N axially chiral frameworks via a cobalt-catalyzed atroposelective C-H activation/annulation process. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions by using Co(OAc)2·4H2O as the catalyst with a chiral salicyl-oxazoline (Salox) ligand and O2 as an oxidant, affording a variety of N-N axially chiral products with high yields and enantioselectivities. This protocol provides an efficient approach for the facile construction of N-N atropisomers and further expands the range of of N-N axially chiral derivatives. Additionally, under the conditions of electrocatalysis, the desired N-N axially chiral products were also successfully achieved with good to excellent efficiencies and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xinhai Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.
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28
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Wang HY, Li ZC, Zhang CL, Ye S. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral α-Carbolinones via Heterocycle Formation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11913-11923. [PMID: 37498087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
An NHC-catalyzed atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral α-carbolinones from α,β-unsaturated iminoindole derivatives and α-chloroaldehydes was developed. The reaction proceeds through a cascade process including [4 + 2] annulation and then oxidative dehydrogenation with concomitant central-to-axial chirality conversion under mild conditions. The developed method opens a new avenue to efficiently access axially chiral α-carbolinones in moderate to good enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun-Lin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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29
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Li T, Shi L, Zhao X, Wang J, Si XJ, Yang D, Song MP, Niu JL. C-N Axially Chiral Heterobiaryl Skeletons Construction via Cobalt-Catalyzed Atroposelective Annulation. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37428108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the atroposelective construction of five-six heterobiaryl skeleton-based C-N chiral axis has been successfully accomplished via a Co-catalyzed C-H bond activation and annulation process, in which the isonitrile was employed as the C1 source and the 8-aminoquinoline moiety served as both directing group and integral part of C-N atropisomers, respectively. This conversion can be effectively carried out in an environmentally friendly oxygen atmosphere, generating the target axial heterobiaryls with excellent reactivities and enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) in the absence of any additives, and the obtained 3-iminoisoindolinone products with a five membered N-heterocycle exhibit high atropostability. Additionally, the C-N axially chiral monophosphine backbones derived from this protocol possess the potential to become an alternative ligand platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ju Si
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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30
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Wang C, Sun J. Atroposelective Synthesis of N-N Axially Chiral Bipyrroles via Rhodium-Catalyzed C-H Insertion Reaction. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37366557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
An atroposelective synthesis of bipyrroles with an axially chiral N-N bond has been established via a rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond insertion reaction to provide the desired atropisomers in good yields (up to 97% yield) with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkai Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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31
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de Ceuninck van Capelle LA, Wales SM, Macdonald JM, Kruger M, Richardson C, Gardiner MG, Hyland CJT. Synthesis and Atropisomeric Properties of Benzoazepine-Fused Isoindoles. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37326851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomeric, bench-stable benzoazepine-fused isoindoles were synthesized via oxidation from isoindoline precursors. Using the isoindoles 5d-f as models, the stereochemistry and conformational folding of the systems were examined. Chiral UHPLC was used to analyze the rate of racemization and calculate the Gibbs free energy of enantiomerization (ΔG‡Enant). X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations were used to elucidate the three axes of chirality and clarify the structural factors contributing to ΔG‡Enant. Tandem rotation around the axes of chirality precludes the formation of diastereomers, with rotational restriction of the Caryl-Nsulfonamide bond determined as the moderator of atropisomeric stability in the system, affected primarily by steric hindrance as well as by π-stacking interactions facilitated by the folded conformation of the sulfonamide over the isoindole moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian A de Ceuninck van Capelle
- Molecular Horizons Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Steven M Wales
- Molecular Horizons Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - James M Macdonald
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Megan Kruger
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Materials Characterisation and Modelling Program, Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher Richardson
- Molecular Horizons Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Michael G Gardiner
- School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher J T Hyland
- Molecular Horizons Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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32
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Choi S, Guo MC, Coombs GM, Miller SJ. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomeric N-Aryl 1,2,4-Triazoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:7815-7820. [PMID: 36705994 PMCID: PMC10277228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The atroposelective synthesis of N-aryl 1,2,4-triazoles was developed. A cyclodehydration reaction was rendered asymmetric with the use of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst to afford atropisomeric N-aryl 1,2,4-triazoles in up to 91:9 er. Recrystallization of the isolated heterocycle further enriched the atropisomeric ratio of several analogs to 99:1 er or greater. A divergent and substrate-dependent reaction pathway yielding a different heterocyclic product is also disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511-8107 (USA)
| | - Melody C. Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511-8107 (USA)
| | - Gavin M. Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511-8107 (USA)
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511-8107 (USA)
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33
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Cai WY, Ding QN, Zhou L, Chen J. Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral Molecules via Organocatalytic Cycloaddition and Cyclization Reactions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114306. [PMID: 37298781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atropisomeric molecules are present in many natural products, biologically active compounds, chiral ligands and catalysts. Many elegant methodologies have been developed to access axially chiral molecules. Among them, organocatalytic cycloaddition and cyclization have attracted much attention because they have been widely used in the asymmetric synthesis of biaryl/heterobiaryls atropisomers via construction of carbo- and hetero-cycles. This strategy has undoubtedly become and will continue to be a hot topic in the field of asymmetric synthesis and catalysis. This review aims to highlight the recent advancements in this field of atropisomer synthesis by using different organocatalysts in cycloaddition and cyclization strategies. The construction of each atropisomer, its possible mechanism, the role of catalysts, and its potential applications are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Qian-Ni Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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34
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Bao H, Chen Y, Yang X. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral Diaryl Ethers through Enantioselective Desymmetrization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300481. [PMID: 36760025 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Axially chiral diaryl ethers are a type of unique atropisomers bearing two potential axes, which have potential applications in a variety of research fields. However, the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of these diaryl ether atropisomers is largely underexplored when compared to the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of biaryl or other types of atropisomers. Herein, we report a highly efficient catalytic asymmetric synthesis of diaryl ether atropisomers through an organocatalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization protocol. The chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric electrophilic aromatic aminations of the symmetrical 1,3-benzenediamine type substrates afforded a series of diaryl ether atropisomers in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The facile construction of heterocycles by the utilizations of the 1,2-benzenediamine moiety in the products provided access to a variety of structurally diverse and novel azaarene-containing diaryl ether atropisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Bao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yunrong Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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35
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Wang LY, Miao J, Zhao Y, Yang BM. Chiral Acid-Catalyzed Atroposelective Indolization Enables Access to 1,1'-Indole-Pyrroles and Bisindoles Bearing a Chiral N-N Axis. Org Lett 2023; 25:1553-1557. [PMID: 36857743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
We present herein a highly atroposelective indolization for the efficient synthesis of 1,1'-biheteroaryls bearing a chiral N-N axis. Under the cooperative catalysis of chiral phosphoric acid and InBr3, the reactions between 2,3-diketoesters and 1,3-dione-derived enamines resulted in a highly enantioselective construction of 1,1'-pyrrole-indoles with up to 92% yield, 94% enantiomeric excess (ee), or bisindoles in up to 92% ee. Derivatizations of these compounds to diverse functionalized N-N linked axially chiral biheteroaryls have also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Yu Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiapei Miao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bin-Miao Yang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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36
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Chen ZH, Li TZ, Wang NY, Ma XF, Ni SF, Zhang YC, Shi F. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral N,N'-Bisindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300419. [PMID: 36749711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study establishes the first organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral N,N'-bisindoles via chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed formal (3+2) cycloadditions of indole-based enaminones as novel platform molecules with 2,3-diketoesters, where de novo indole-ring formation is involved. Using this new strategy, various axially chiral N,N'-bisindoles were synthesized in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 87 % yield and 96 % ee). More importantly, this class of axially chiral N,N'-bisindoles exhibited some degree of cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and was derived into axially chiral phosphine ligands with high catalytic activity. This study provides a new strategy for enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral N,N'-bisindoles using asymmetric organocatalysis and is the first to realize the applications of such scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Han Chen
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Tian-Zhen Li
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China.,School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Ning-Yi Wang
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Ma
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yu-Chen Zhang
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China.,School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
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37
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Yu L, Liu J, Xiang S, Lu T, Ma P, Zhao Q. Silver-Catalyzed Direct Nucleophilic Cyclization: Enantioselective De Novo Synthesis of C-C Axially Chiral 2-Arylindoles. Org Lett 2023; 25:522-527. [PMID: 36652713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomeric indoles widely exist in natural products, pharmaceuticals, functional materials, and catalysts for their featured biological activities, photoelectric properties, and catalytic activities, while facile and de novo construction of this motif remains underexplored. Herein, we report a chiral silver phosphate-catalyzed direct 5-endo-dig nucleophilic cyclization of 2-alkynylanilins under mild conditions, affording various C-C axially chiral 2-arylindoles in high to excellent yields and enantioselectivities. Control experiments implied the cooperative catalysis of AgOAc and chiral phosphoric acid, wherein the former accelerated the desired transformation while the latter improved the enantioselectivity. In addition, as the first example of silver-catalyzed enantioselective de novo synthesis of C-C axially chiral indole skeletons, synthetic applications and products' thermal stability have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shiyu Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Taotao Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Ping Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qingyang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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38
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Portolani C, Centonze G, Righi P, Bencivenni G. Role of Cinchona Alkaloids in the Enantio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3551-3571. [PMID: 36475607 PMCID: PMC9774690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis using organic catalysts has evolved since it was first realized and defined. Nowadays, it can be considered a valid alternative to transition metal catalysis for synthesizing chiral molecules. According to the literature, the number of asymmetric organocatalytic processes associated with atropisomer synthesis has rapidly increased over the past 10 years because organocatalysis addresses the challenges posed by the most widespread strategies used for preparing axially chiral molecules with satisfactory results.These strategies, useful to prepare a wide range of C-C, C-heteroatom, and N-N atropisomers, vary from kinetic resolution to direct arylation, desymmetrization, and central-to-axial chirality conversion. In this field, our contribution focuses on determining novel methods for synthesizing atropisomers, during which, in most cases, the construction of one or more stereogenic centers other than the stereogenic axis occurred. To efficiently address this challenge, we exploited the ability of catalysts based on a cinchona alkaloid scaffold to realize enantioselective organic transformations. Desymmetrization of N-(2-tert-butylphenyl) maleimides was one of the first strategies that we pursued for preparing C-N atropisomers. The main principle is based on the presence of a rotationally hindered C-N single bond owing to the presence of a large tert-butyl group. Following the peculiar reactivity of this type of substrate as a powerful electrophile and dienophile, we realized several transformations.First, we investigated the vinylogous Michael addition of 3-substituted cyclohexenones, where a stereogenic axis and two contiguous stereocenters were concomitantly and remotely formed and stereocontrolled using a primary amine catalyst. Subsequently, we realized desymmetrization via an organocatalytic Diels-Alder reaction of activated unsaturated ketones that enabled highly atropselective transformation with efficient diastereoselectivity, thereby simultaneously controlling four stereogenic elements. Employing chiral organic bases allowed us to realize efficient desymmetrizations using carbon nucleophiles, such as 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, cyanoacetates, and oxindoles. These reactions, performed with different types of catalysts, highlighted the versatility of organocatalysis as a powerful strategy for atropselective desymmetrization of pro-axially chiral maleimides.Hereafter, we studied the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of naphthols with indenones, a powerful method for enantioselective synthesis of conformationally restricted diastereoisomeric indanones. We realized the first axially chiral selective Knoevenagel condensation using cinchona alkaloid primary amine as the catalyst. This reaction provided a powerful method to access enantioenriched olefins containing the oxindole core. Subsequently, we initiated an intense program for the computational investigation of the reaction mechanism of our atropselective processes. An understanding of the catalytic activity for vinylogous atropselective desymmetrization as well as of the role played by the acidic cocatalyst used for the experimental work was achieved.Recently, we have garnered interest in the novel frontiers of atropselective synthesis. As observed in recent publications, there is considerable interest in the development of methods for preparing N-N atropisomers, an emerging topic in the field of atropselective synthesis. We focused on the synthesis of hydrazide atropisomers by developing a one-pot sequential catalysis protocol based on two sequential organocatalytic reactions that provided high stereocontrol of two contiguous stereogenic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Portolani
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari,” Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,Centre
for the Chemical Catalysis−C3, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari,” Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,Centre
for the Chemical Catalysis−C3, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Righi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari,” Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,Centre
for the Chemical Catalysis−C3, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bencivenni
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari,” Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,Centre
for the Chemical Catalysis−C3, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,
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39
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Wang HQ, Wu SF, Yang JR, Zhang YC, Shi F. Design and Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Indolyl-Pyrroloindoles Bearing Both Axial and Central Chirality. J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qing Wang
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Shu-Fang Wu
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Jun-Ru Yang
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Yu-Chen Zhang
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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40
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Xu J, Grosslight S, Mack KA, Nguyen SC, Clagg K, Lim NK, Timmerman JC, Shen J, White NA, Sirois LE, Han C, Zhang H, Sigman MS, Gosselin F. Atroposelective Negishi Coupling Optimization Guided by Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis: Asymmetric Synthesis of KRAS G12C Covalent Inhibitor GDC-6036. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20955-20963. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Samantha Grosslight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kyle A. Mack
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sierra C. Nguyen
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kyle Clagg
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob C. Timmerman
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeff Shen
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicholas A. White
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lauren E. Sirois
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chong Han
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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41
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Portolani C, Centonze G, Luciani S, Pellegrini A, Righi P, Mazzanti A, Ciogli A, Sorato A, Bencivenni G. Synthesis of Atropisomeric Hydrazides by One-Pot Sequential Enantio- and Diastereoselective Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209895. [PMID: 36036383 PMCID: PMC9826270 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The first catalytic enantioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of atropisomeric hydrazides was achieved using a sequential catalysis protocol. This strategy is based on a one-pot sequence of two organocatalytic cycles featuring the enamine amination of branched aldehydes followed by nitrogen alkylation under phase-transfer conditions. The resulting axially chiral hydrazides were obtained directly from commercially available reagents in high yields and with good stereocontrol. The permutation of organocatalysts allowed easy access to all stereoisomers, enabling a stereodivergent approach to enantioenriched atropisomeric hydrazides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Portolani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Sara Luciani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Andrea Pellegrini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Paolo Righi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Department of Chemistry and technologies of drugSapienza University of Romepiazzale A. Moro 500185RomeItaly
| | - Andrea Sorato
- Department of Chemistry and technologies of drugSapienza University of Romepiazzale A. Moro 500185RomeItaly
| | - Giorgio Bencivenni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly,Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bolognaviale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
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42
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Zhang HH, Shi F. Organocatalytic Atroposelective Synthesis of Indole Derivatives Bearing Axial Chirality: Strategies and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2562-2580. [PMID: 36053083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic atroposelective syntheses of axially chiral compounds have stimulated extensive interest in multiple communities, such as synthetic chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science, because of the intriguing characteristics of atropisomerism. In particular, atropisomeric indole derivatives, which contain a kind of five-membered heterocyclic framework, are widely distributed in a number of natural alkaloids, biologically relevant compounds, chiral ligands, and chiral organocatalysts. Hence, the catalytic atroposelective synthesis of indole derivatives bearing axial chirality is of considerable importance and has become an emerging focus of research. However, there are substantial challenges associated with the atroposelective synthesis of indole derivatives, including remote ortho-substituents around the chiral axis, a lower barrier for rotation, and a weaker configurational stability than that of atropisomeric six-membered biaryls. Therefore, the development of effective strategies toward the catalytic atroposelective synthesis of indole derivatives has become an urgent task.In order to tackle these challenges and to accomplish the task, our group devised a unique strategy of designing indole-derived platform molecules and developing organocatalytic enantioselective transformations of such platform molecules to synthesize atropisomeric indole derivatives; asymmetric organocatalysis has tremendous advantages and was the research area recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2021. This Account summarizes our endeavors in the organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of indole derivatives bearing axial chirality. In brief, we devised and developed a series of indole-derived platform molecules, such as indolylmethanols, (hetero)aryl indoles, oxindole-based styrenes, N-aminoindoles, and indole-based homophthalic anhydrides, by introducing different functional groups onto the indole ring to achieve new reactivity and modulate the reactive site of the indole ring. As a result, these indole-derived platform molecules possess versatile and unique reactivity and are capable of undergoing a variety of organocatalytic enantioselective transformations for preparing structurally diversified indole derivatives with axial chirality.We used these strategies to accomplish the atroposelective synthesis of plenty of indole derivatives with axial chirality, including (hetero)aryl indoles, alkene-indoles, oxindole-based styrenes, N-pyrrolylindoles, and isochromenone-indoles. In addition, we gave a thorough and detailed understanding of the designed reaction by investigating the reaction pathway and activation mode. More importantly, we studied the biological activity of some products and performed catalyst design on the basis of atropisomeric indole moieties, which are helpful for disclosing more applications of indole derivatives bearing axial chirality.In the future, the organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of indole derivatives bearing axial chirality will indubitably remain a frontier topic in the research area of asymmetric catalysis and chiral indole chemistry despite challenging issues, for instance, the atroposelective synthesis of novel indole derivatives bearing an unconventional chiral axis, the development of atropisomeric indole derivatives into powerful catalysts or ligands, and the discovery of atroposelective indole derivatives as potent drug candidates. We hope our efforts summarized in this Account will encourage chemists worldwide to devise innovative strategies toward solving the challenging issues that remain in this field, thus promoting its development to a higher level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hao Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Gehu Road No. 21, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Gehu Road No. 21, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road No. 101, Tongshan District, Xuzhou 221116, China
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43
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Han T, Zhang Z, Wang M, Xu L, Mei G. The Rational Design and Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral C2‐Arylpyrrole‐Derived Amino Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207517. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Jiao Han
- Green Catalysis Center College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zheng‐Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 Shandong China
| | - Min‐Can Wang
- Green Catalysis Center College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Li‐Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 Shandong China
| | - Guang‐Jian Mei
- Green Catalysis Center College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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44
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Portolani C, Centonze G, Luciani S, Pellegrini A, Righi P, Mazzanti A, Ciogli A, Sorato A, Bencivenni G. Synthesis of Atropisomeric Hydrazides by One‐Pot Sequential Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Portolani
- Università degli Studi di Bologna: Universita degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- Universita di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Sara Luciani
- Universita di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Andrea Pellegrini
- Universita degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Paolo Righi
- Universita di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Universita di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" viale del risorgimento 4 40136 bologna ITALY
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- University of Rome La Sapienza: Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Department of Chemistry and technologies of drug piazzale A. Moro 5 00185 Roma ITALY
| | - Andrea Sorato
- University of Rome La Sapienza: Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Department of Chemistry and technologies of drug piazzale aldo moro 5 00185 roma ITALY
| | - Giorgio Bencivenni
- Universita degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale Department of Industrial Chemistry Viale del Risorgimento n�4 40136 Bologna ITALY
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45
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Yang S, Wang HQ, Gao JN, Tan WX, Zhang YC, Shi F. Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed (3+2) Cycloaddition of 2‐Indolylmethanols with β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoesters. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Jiangsu Normal University department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Hai-Qing Wang
- Jiangsu Normal University department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Jun-Nan Gao
- Jiangsu Normal University department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Xin Tan
- Jiangsu Normal University department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Yu-Chen Zhang
- Jiangsu Normal University department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Feng Shi
- Jiangsu Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tongshan New District, Shanghai Road 101 221116 Xuzhou CHINA
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46
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Han TJ, Zhang ZX, Wang MC, Xu LP, Mei GJ. The Rational Design and Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral C2‐Arylpyrrole‐Derived Amino Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zheng-Xu Zhang
- Shandong University of Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Li-Ping Xu
- Shandong University of Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- Zhengzhou University Chemistry Zhengzhou 450001 450001 Zhengzhou CHINA
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47
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Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral 3,3'‐Bisindoles by Direct Coupling of Indole Rings. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Xu Q, Zhang H, Ge FB, Wang XM, Zhang P, Lu CJ, Liu RR. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Arylation of Pyrroles with Diaryliodonium Salts toward the Synthesis of N-N Atropisomers. Org Lett 2022; 24:3138-3143. [PMID: 35452582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report herein that copper(I) catalysis using a bis(phosphine) dioxide ligand can catalyze the desymmetric C-H arylation of prochiral bipyrroles. More than 50 nitrogen-nitrogen atropisomers were achieved in good to excellent yields with excellent enantioselectivities (≤97% yield, ≤98% ee). The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with good functional group compatibility on arenes and diaryliodonium salts. Moreover, this principle enables iterative arylation of the bipyrroles to enantioselectively arylate different positions during the catalysis of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Bei Ge
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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49
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Gao Y, Wang LY, Zhang T, Yang BM, Zhao Y. Atroposelective Synthesis of 1,1'-Bipyrroles Bearing a Chiral N-N Axis: Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysis with Lewis Acid Induced Enantiodivergence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200371. [PMID: 35174596 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present herein a highly efficient atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral 1,1'-bipyrroles bearing an N-N linkage from simple hydrazine and 1,4-diones. Further product derivatizations led to axially chiral bifunctional compounds with high potential in asymmetric catalysis. For this chrial phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed double Paal-Knorr reaction, an intriguing Fe(OTf)3 -induced enantiodivergence was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Gao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Luo-Yu Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bin-Miao Yang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
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50
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Liang D, Chen JR, Tan LP, He ZW, Xiao WJ. Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of Axially and Centrally Chiral Heterobiaryls by Minisci Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6040-6049. [PMID: 35322666 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Axially chiral biaryls and heterobiaryls constitute the most represented subclass of atropisomers with prevalence in natural products, bioactive compounds, privileged chiral ligand/catalysts, and optically pure materials. Despite many ionic protocols for their construction, radical-based variants represent another highly desirable and intriguing strategy but are far less developed. Moreover, efficient synthesis of axially chiral heterobiaryl molecules, especially ones having multiple heteroatoms and other types of chiral elements, through radical routes remains extremely limited. We herein disclose the first catalytic asymmetric, metal-free construction of axially and centrally chiral heterobiaryls by Minisci reaction of 5-arylpyrimidines and α-amino acid-derived redox-active esters. This is enabled by the use of 4CzIPN as an organic photoredox catalyst in conjunction with a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst. The reaction achieved a variety of interesting 5-arylpyrimidines featuring the union of an axially chiral heterobiaryl and a centrally chiral α-branched amine with generally excellent regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity (up to 82% yield; >19:1 dr; >99% ee). This finding also builds up a new platform for the development of desymmetrization methods via radical-involved atroposelective functionalization at heteroarene of prochiral heterobiaryls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Li-Ping Tan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Zi-Wei He
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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