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Fitzpatrick TB. B Vitamins: An Update on Their Importance for Plant Homeostasis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:67-93. [PMID: 38424064 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-060223-025336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
B vitamins are a source of coenzymes for a vast array of enzyme reactions, particularly those of metabolism. As metabolism is the basis of decisions that drive maintenance, growth, and development, B vitamin-derived coenzymes are key components that facilitate these processes. For over a century, we have known about these essential compounds and have elucidated their pathways of biosynthesis, repair, salvage, and degradation in numerous organisms. Only now are we beginning to understand their importance for regulatory processes, which are becoming an important topic in plants. Here, I highlight and discuss emerging evidence on how B vitamins are integrated into vital processes, from energy generation and nutrition to gene expression, and thereby contribute to the coordination of growth and developmental programs, particularly those that concern maintenance of a stable state, which is the foundational tenet of plant homeostasis.
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Flemmich L, Bereiter R, Micura R. Chemical Synthesis of Modified RNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403063. [PMID: 38529723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) play a vital role in living organisms. Many of their cellular functions depend critically on chemical modification. Methods to modify RNA in a controlled manner-both in vitro and in vivo-are thus essential to evaluate and understand RNA biology at the molecular and mechanistic levels. The diversity of modifications, combined with the size and uniformity of RNA (made up of only 4 nucleotides) makes its site-specific modification a challenging task that needs to be addressed by complementary approaches. One such approach is solid-phase RNA synthesis. We discuss recent developments in this field, starting with new protection concepts in the ongoing effort to overcome current size limitations. We continue with selected modifications that have posed significant challenges for their incorporation into RNA. These include deazapurine bases required for atomic mutagenesis to elucidate mechanistic aspects of catalytic RNAs, and RNA containing xanthosine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 3-methylcytidine, 2'-OCF3, and 2'-N3 ribose modifications. We also discuss the all-chemical synthesis of 5'-capped mRNAs and the enzymatic ligation of chemically synthesized oligoribonucleotides to obtain long RNA with multiple distinct modifications, such as those needed for single-molecule FRET studies. Finally, we highlight promising developments in RNA-catalyzed RNA modification using cofactors that transfer bioorthogonal functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurin Flemmich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphael Bereiter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Micura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Wang Z, Tan J, Li M, Gao C, Li W, Xu J, Guo C, Chen Z, Cai R. Clickable Photoreactive ATP-Affinity Probe for Global Profiling of ATP-Binding Proteins. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17533-17540. [PMID: 37993803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the major energy carrier in organisms, and there are many cellular proteins that can bind to ATP. Among these proteins, kinases are key regulators in several cell signaling processes, and aberrant kinase signaling contributes to the development of many human diseases, including cancer. Hence, small-molecule kinase inhibitors have been successfully used for the treatment of various diseases. Since the ATP-binding pockets are similar for many kinases, it is very important to evaluate the selectivity of different kinase inhibitors. We report here a clickable ATP photoaffinity probe for the global profiling of ATP-binding proteins. After incubating the protein lysate with the ATP probe followed by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, ATP-binding proteins were labeled with an alkyne handle for subsequent biotin conjugation through click chemistry. Labeled proteins were enriched with streptavidin beads, digested with trypsin, and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). More than 400 ATP-binding proteins, including approximately 200 kinases, could be identified in a single LC-MS/MS run in the data-dependent acquisition mode. We then applied this method to the analysis of targets of three selected ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. We were able to successfully identify some of their reported target proteins from label-free quantification results and validated the results using Western blot analyses. Together, we developed a clickable ATP photoaffinity probe for proteome-wide profiling of ATP-binding proteins and demonstrated that this chemoproteomic method is amenable to high-throughput target identification of kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengxuan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Can Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changchuan Guo
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Cai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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Dienemann JN, Chen SY, Hitzenberger M, Sievert ML, Hacker SM, Prigge ST, Zacharias M, Groll M, Sieber SA. A Chemical Proteomic Strategy Reveals Inhibitors of Lipoate Salvage in Bacteria and Parasites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304533. [PMID: 37249408 PMCID: PMC10896624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel anti-infectives requires unprecedented strategies targeting pathways which are solely present in pathogens but absent in humans. Following this principle, we developed inhibitors of lipoic acid (LA) salvage, a crucial pathway for the survival of LA auxotrophic bacteria and parasites but non-essential in human cells. An LA-based probe was selectively transferred onto substrate proteins via lipoate protein ligase (LPL) in intact cells, and their binding sites were determined by mass spectrometry. Probe labeling served as a proxy of LPL activity, enabling in situ screenings for cell-permeable LPL inhibitors. Profiling a focused compound library revealed two substrate analogs (LAMe and C3) as inhibitors, which were further validated by binding studies and co-crystallography. Importantly, LAMe exhibited low toxicity in human cells and achieved killing of Plasmodium falciparum in erythrocytes with an EC50 value of 15 μM, making it the most effective LPL inhibitor reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niklas Dienemann
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shu-Yu Chen
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Manuel Hitzenberger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Montana L Sievert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, E5132, MD 21205, Baltimore, USA
| | - Stephan M Hacker
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sean T Prigge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N. Wolfe Street, E5132, MD 21205, Baltimore, USA
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 8, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
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Velema WA. Exploring antibiotic resistance with chemical tools. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6148-6158. [PMID: 37039397 PMCID: PMC10194278 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00759f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an enormous problem that is accountable for over a million deaths annually, with numbers expected to significantly increase over the coming decades. Although some of the underlying causes leading up to antibiotic resistance are well understood, many of the molecular processes involved remain elusive. To better appreciate at a molecular level how resistance emerges, customized chemical biology tools can offer a solution. This Feature Article attempts to provide an overview of the wide variety of tools that have been developed over the last decade, by highlighting some of the more illustrative examples. These include the use of fluorescent, photoaffinity and activatable antibiotics and bacterial components to start to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in resistance. The antibiotic crisis is an eminent global threat and requires the continuous development of creative chemical tools to dissect and ultimately counteract resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem A Velema
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Fulton RL, Downs DM. Modulators of a robust and efficient metabolism: Perspective and insights from the Rid superfamily of proteins. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 83:117-179. [PMID: 37507158 PMCID: PMC10642521 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is an integrated network of biochemical pathways that assemble to generate the robust, responsive physiologies of microorganisms. Despite decades of fundamental studies on metabolic processes and pathways, our understanding of the nuance and complexity of metabolism remains incomplete. The ability to predict and model metabolic network structure, and its influence on cellular fitness, is complicated by the persistence of genes of unknown function, even in the best-studied model organisms. This review describes the definition and continuing study of the Rid superfamily of proteins. These studies are presented with a perspective that illustrates how metabolic complexity can complicate the assignment of function to uncharacterized genes. The Rid superfamily of proteins has been divided into eight subfamilies, including the well-studied RidA subfamily. Aside from the RidA proteins, which are present in all domains of life and prevent metabolic stress, most members of the Rid superfamily have no demonstrated physiological role. Recent progress on functional assignment supports the hypothesis that, overall, proteins in the Rid superfamily modulate metabolic processes to ensure optimal organismal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie L Fulton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Diana M Downs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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Wilkinson IVL, Bottlinger M, El Harraoui Y, Sieber SA. Profiling the Heme-Binding Proteomes of Bacteria Using Chemical Proteomics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212111. [PMID: 36495310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heme is a cofactor with myriad roles and essential to almost all living organisms. Beyond classical gas transport and catalytic functions, heme is increasingly appreciated as a tightly controlled signalling molecule regulating protein expression. However, heme acquisition, biosynthesis and regulation is poorly understood beyond a few model organisms, and the heme-binding proteome has not been fully characterised in bacteria. Yet as heme homeostasis is critical for bacterial survival, heme-binding proteins are promising drug targets. Herein we report a chemical proteomics method for global profiling of heme-binding proteins in live cells for the first time. Employing a panel of heme-based clickable and photoaffinity probes enabled the profiling of 32-54 % of the known heme-binding proteomes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This simple-to-implement profiling strategy could be interchangeably applied to different cell types and systems and fuel future research into heme biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V L Wilkinson
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Max Bottlinger
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yassmine El Harraoui
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Homan RA, Jadhav AM, Conway LP, Parker CG. A Chemical Proteomic Map of Heme-Protein Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15013-15019. [PMID: 35960875 PMCID: PMC9811995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor for many human proteins as well as the primary transporter of oxygen in blood. Recent studies have also established heme as a signaling molecule, imparting its effects through binding with protein partners rather than through reactivity of its metal center. However, the comprehensive annotation of such heme-binding proteins in the human proteome remains incomplete. Here, we describe a strategy which utilizes a heme-based photoaffinity probe integrated with quantitative proteomics to map heme-protein interactions across the proteome. In these studies, we identified 350+ unique heme-protein interactions, the vast majority of which were heretofore unknown and consist of targets from diverse functional classes, including transporters, receptors, enzymes, transcription factors, and chaperones. Among these proteins is the immune-related interleukin receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), where we provide preliminary evidence that heme agonizes its catalytic activity. Our findings should improve the current understanding of heme's regulation as well as its signaling functions and facilitate new insights of its roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A. Homan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Appaso M. Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Louis P. Conway
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher G. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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