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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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2
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Chen H, Chen W, Wang D, Chen Y, Liu Z, Ye S, Tan G, Gao S. An Isolable One-Coordinate Lead(I) Radical with Strong g-Factor Anisotropy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402093. [PMID: 38438306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Lead-based radicals in the oxidation state of +1 are elusive species and are highly challenging to isolate in the condensed phase. In this study, we present the synthesis and characterization of the first isolable free plumbylyne radical 2 bearing a one-coordinate Pb(I) atom. It reacts with an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to afford a two-coordinate NHC-ligated Pb(I) radical 3. 2 and 3 represent the first isolable Pb(I)-based radicals. Theoretical calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis revealed that the unpaired electron mainly resides at the Pb 6p orbital in both radicals. Owing to the unique one-coordinate nature of the Pb atom in 2, it possesses two-fold orbital pseudo-degeneracy and substantial unquenched orbital angular momentum, and exhibits hitherto strongest g-factor anisotropy (gx,y,z=1.496, 1.166, 0.683) amongst main group radicals. Preliminary investigations into the reactivity of 2 unveiled its Pb-centered radical nature, and plumbylenes were isolated as products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Huo R, Armstrong AJ, Nelmes GR, Lawes DJ, Edwards AJ, McMullin CL, Hicks J. Stabilisation of the [SiH 6] 2- Anion within a Supramolecular Assembly. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400662. [PMID: 38376067 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The hypercoordinate [SiH6]2- anion is not stable in solution. Here, we report the room temperature, solution stable molecular [SiH6]2- complex, [{KCa(NON)(OEt2)}2][SiH6] (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethyl-xanthene)), where the [SiH6]2- anion is stabilised within a supramolecular assembly that mimics the solid-state environment of the anion in the lattice of K2SiH6. Solution-state reactivity of the complex towards carbon monoxide, benzaldehyde, azobenzene and acetonitrile is reported, yielding a range of reduction and C-C coupled products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Huo
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alicia J Armstrong
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Gareth R Nelmes
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Douglas J Lawes
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alison J Edwards
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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Nahon EE, Nelmes GR, Brothers PJ, Hicks J. Intramolecular C-N bond activation by a transient boryl anion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14281-14284. [PMID: 37964585 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05182j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Using a flexible diamido framework, a bulky boron bromide has been prepared as a precusor to a boryl anion with an extremely wide N-B-N angle. Reduction of the compound with lithium metal resulted in intramolecular C-N bond activation and migration of an aryl group onto the boron centre. Reaction of the boron bromide with K[FeCp(CO)2] resulted in nucleophilic reactivity of a carbonyl oxygen and the cooperative activation of CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Nahon
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Gareth R Nelmes
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Penelope J Brothers
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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5
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Vasanthakumar A, Price JS, Emslie DJH. Rare earth dialkyl cations and monoalkyl dications supported by a rigid neutral pincer ligand: synthesis and ethylene polymerization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8514-8523. [PMID: 37592999 PMCID: PMC10430518 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction between 4,5-dibromo-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene and 2 equiv. of 1,3-diisopropylimidazolin-2-imine afforded the rigid neutral 2,7-di-tert-butyl-4,5-bis(1,3-diisopropylimidazolin-2-imino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (XII2) pincer ligand. Reaction of XII2 with YCl3(THF)3.5 provided [(XII2)YCl3] (1). However, compound 1 failed to react cleanly with 3 equiv. of LiCH2SiMe3, and the reaction of XII2 with [Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] afforded a complex mixture of products. To access group 3 alkyl complexes without the intermediacy of [(XII2)M(CH2SiMe3)3], the XII2 ligand was protonated using [H(OEt2)2][B(C6F5)4] to form [H(XII2)][B(C6F5)4], and subsequent reaction with [M(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] (M = Y, Sc) directly afforded the cationic scandium and yttrium dialkyl complexes [(XII2)M(CH2SiMe3)2][B(C6F5)4] {M = Y (2) and Sc (3)}. Reaction of 3 with B(C6F5)3 in C6D5Br afforded dicationic [(XII2)Sc(CH2SiMe2CH2SiMe3)][MeB(C6F5)3][B(C6F5)4] (4) featuring a CH2SiMe2CH2SiMe3 ligand, formed as a result of methyl anion abstraction from silicon, with concomitant migration of the neighbouring CH2SiMe3 group from scandium to silicon. The MeB(C6F5)3 anion in 4 forms a contact ion pair. By contrast, reaction of 1 with [CPh3][B(C6F5)3] in C6D5Br/toluene or o-C6H4F2/toluene afforded dicationic [(XII2)Sc(CH2SiMe3)(ηx-toluene)n][B(C6F5)4]2 (5). Compounds 2-4 showed negligible ethylene polymerization activity, whereas 5 is highly active (up to 870 kg mol-1 h-1 atm-1 in o-C6H4F2/toluene under 1 atm of ethylene at room temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aathith Vasanthakumar
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Price
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - David J H Emslie
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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Wang D, Chen W, Zhai C, Zhao L, Ye S, Tan G. Monosubstituted Doublet Sn(I) Radical Featuring Substantial Unquenched Orbital Angular Momentum. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6914-6920. [PMID: 36926867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic high reactivity, isolation of heavier analogues of carbynes remains a great challenge. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a neutral monosubstituted Sn(I) radical (2) supported by a sterically hindered hydrindacene ligand, which represents the first tin analogue of a free carbyne. Different from all Sn(I/III) species reported thus far, the presence of a sole Sn-C σ bond in 2 renders the remaining two Sn 5p orbitals energetically almost degenerate, of which one is singly occupied and the other is empty. Consequently, its S = 1/2 ground state possesses two-fold orbital pseudo-degeneracy and substantial unquenched orbital angular momentum, as evidenced by one component of its g matrix (1.957, 1.896, and 1.578) being considerably less than 2. Consistent with this unique electronic structure, 2 can bind to an N-heterocyclic carbene to afford a neutral two-coordinate Sn(I) radical and initiate a one-electron transfer to benzophenone to furnish a Sn(II)-ketyl radical anion adduct. As a manifestation of its Sn-centered radical nature, 2 reacts with diphenyl diselenide and p-benzoquinone to form Sn-S and Sn-O bonds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cai Zhai
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Hauser A, Münzfeld L, Schlittenhardt S, Köppe R, Uhlmann C, Rauska UC, Ruben M, Roesky PW. Molecular cyclo-P 3 complexes of the rare-earth elements via a one-pot reaction and selective reduction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2149-2158. [PMID: 36845933 PMCID: PMC9945584 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06730g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of new organo-lanthanide polyphosphides with an aromatic cyclo-[P4]2- moiety and a cyclo-[P3]3- moiety is presented. For this purpose, the divalent LnII-complexes [(NON)LnII(thf)2] (Ln = Sm, Yb) ((NON)2- = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl-amino)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) and trivalent LnIII-complexes [(NON)LnIIIBH4(thf)2] (Ln = Y, Sm, Dy) were used as precursors in the reduction process of white phosphorus. While using [(NON)LnII(thf)2] as a one-electron reducing agent the formation of organo-lanthanide polyphosphides with a cyclo-[P4]2- Zintl anion was observed. For comparison, we investigated a multi-electron reduction of P4 by a one-pot reaction of [(NON)LnIIIBH4(thf)2] with elemental potassium. As products molecular polyphosphides with a cyclo-[P3]3- moiety were isolated. The same compound could also be obtained by reducing the cyclo-[P4]2- Zintl anion within the coordination sphere of SmIII in [{(NON)SmIII(thf)2}2(μ-η4:η4-P4)]. Reduction of a polyphosphide within the coordination sphere of a lanthanide complex is unprecedented. Additionally, the magnetic properties of the dinuclear DyIII-compound bearing a bridging cyclo-[P3]3- moiety were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sören Schlittenhardt
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1D-76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Cedric Uhlmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ulf-Christian Rauska
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraße 15 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1D-76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany,Centre Européen de Science Quantique (CESQ), Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS, UMR 7006), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg8 allée Gaspard Monge BP 7002867083 Strasbourg CedexFrance,Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 15D-76131 KarlsruheGermany
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Dai Y, Bao M, Wang W, Xie Z, Liu C, Su Y. Crystalline
Germanium‐Dipyrromethene
Radicals: from a Delocalized Neutral to a Localized Cation. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Manling Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhuofeng Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Chunmeng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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Nelmes GR, Brothers PJ, Hicks J. Convenient one‐pot synthesis and coordination chemistry of a bulky asymmetrical 9,10‐dihydroacridine‐based ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth R. Nelmes
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
| | - Penelope J. Brothers
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
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Mondal R, Yuvaraj K, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Jones C. Reductive activation of N 2 using a calcium/potassium bimetallic system supported by an extremely bulky diamide ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12665-12668. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04841h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Potassium reduction of a bulky diamido-calcium complex under an N2 atmosphere afforded the first well-defined, hetero-bimetallic s-block metal complex of activated dinitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mondal
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - K. Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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