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Cater HL, Allen MJ, Linnell MI, Rylski AK, Wu Y, Lien HM, Mangolini F, Freeman BD, Page ZA. Supersoft Norbornene-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers with High Strength and Upper Service Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402431. [PMID: 38718377 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
With over 6 million tons produced annually, thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) have become ubiquitous in modern society, due to their unique combination of elasticity, toughness, and reprocessability. Nevertheless, industrial TPEs display a tradeoff between softness and strength, along with low upper service temperatures, typically ≤100 °C. This limits their utility, such as in bio-interfacial applications where supersoft deformation is required in tandem with strength, in addition to applications that require thermal stability (e.g., encapsulation of electronics, seals/joints for aeronautics, protective clothing for firefighting, and biomedical devices that can be subjected to steam sterilization). Thus, combining softness, strength, and high thermal resistance into a single versatile TPE has remained an unmet opportunity. Through de novo design and synthesis of novel norbornene-based ABA triblock copolymers, this gap is filled. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization is employed to prepare TPEs with an unprecedented combination of properties, including skin-like moduli (<100 kPa), strength competitive with commercial TPEs (>5 MPa), and upper service temperatures akin to high-performance plastics (≈260 °C). Furthermore, the materials are elastic, tough, reprocessable, and shelf stable (≥2 months) without incorporation of plasticizer. Structure-property relationships identified herein inform development of next-generation TPEs that are both biologically soft yet thermomechanically durable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry L Cater
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Marshall J Allen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mark I Linnell
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Adrian K Rylski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yudian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hsu-Ming Lien
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Filippo Mangolini
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Benny D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Sathe D, Yoon S, Wang Z, Chen H, Wang J. Deconstruction of Polymers through Olefin Metathesis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7007-7044. [PMID: 38787934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The consumption of synthetic polymers has ballooned; so has the amount of post-consumer waste generated. The current polymer economy, however, is largely linear with most of the post-consumer waste being either landfilled or incinerated. The lack of recycling, together with the sizable carbon footprint of the polymer industry, has led to major negative environmental impacts. Over the past few years, chemical recycling technologies have gained significant traction as a possible technological route to tackle these challenges. In this regard, olefin metathesis, with its versatility and ease of operation, has emerged as an attractive tool. Here, we discuss the developments in olefin-metathesis-based chemical recycling technologies, including the development of new materials and the application of olefin metathesis to the recycling of commercial materials. We delve into structure-reactivity relationships in the context of polymerization-depolymerization behavior, how experimental conditions influence deconstruction outcomes, and the reaction pathways underlying these approaches. We also look at the current hurdles in adopting these technologies and relevant future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devavrat Sathe
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Seiyoung Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Zeyu Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hanlin Chen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Kellner-Rogers JS, Wang R, Lambert TH. Diazene-Catalyzed Oxidative Alkyl Halide-Olefin Metathesis. Org Lett 2024; 26:1078-1082. [PMID: 38295157 PMCID: PMC10947577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The first platform for oxidative alkyl halide-olefin metathesis is described. The procedure employs diazenes as catalysts, which effect the cyclization of alkenyl alkyl halides to generate cyclic olefins and carbonyl products. The synthesis of phenanthrene, coumarin, and quinolone derivatives is demonstrated as well as the potential to apply this strategy to other electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rina Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Gitter SR, Li R, Boydston AJ. Access to Functionalized Materials by Metal-Free Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Active Esters and Divergent Postpolymerization Modification. ACS Macro Lett 2024:144-150. [PMID: 38226917 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal-free ring-opening metathesis polymerization (MF-ROMP) is an emerging polymerization strategy that provides access to ROMP materials by using organic initiators and photoredox catalysts. Unlike metal-mediated ROMP, MF-ROMP is not highly tolerant toward functionalized monomers. Herein, we report that pentafluorophenyl esters are polymerizable under MF-ROMP conditions to produce homopolymers, statistical copolymers, and block copolymers. Amine coupling agents were then used to install a range of functional groups via acyl substitution including alkynes, amino acid derivatives, fluorophores, and redox active moieties. Overall, these findings provide a framework to prepare functionalized ROMP polymers without the risk of metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Gitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ruojia Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Mandal A, Pal S, Kilbinger AFM. Controlled Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization of a New Monomer: On Switching the Solvent-Water-Soluble Homopolymers to Degradable Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300218. [PMID: 37435988 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
A new heterocyclic monomer is developed via simple Diels-Alder reaction which is reluctant to polymerize in dichloromethane (DCM) whereas undergoes facile polymerization in tetrahydrofuran with excellent control over molecular weight (Mn ) and dispersities (Đ) using Grubbs' third generation catalyst (G3). The deprotection of the tert-butoxycarbonyl group from the polymeric backbone yielded a water-soluble ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) polymer easily. Moreover, in DCM this new monomer copolymerizes with 2,3-dihydrofuran under catalytic living ROMP conditions to give backbone degradable polymers. All the synthesized polymers are characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It is believed that this new route to water soluble ROMP homopolymers as well as the cost-effective and environmentally friendly route to degradable copolymers and block-copolymers could find applications in biomedicine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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Sui X, Wang C, Gutekunst WR. Sequestration of Ruthenium Residues via Efficient Fluorous-enyne Termination. Polym Chem 2023; 14:3160-3165. [PMID: 38269330 PMCID: PMC10805442 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The creation of polymers without metal contamination remains a significant challenge for metathesis-based polymerization techniques and has complicated applications in biomedical and electronic applications. This communication reports a new approach for the removal of ruthenium byproducts through the design of an enyne terminator for metathesis polymerization that contains a fluorous tag. Upon reaction of a living polymer chain with the enyne, the ruthenium center is captured as a stable sulfur-chelated complex that can be efficiently removed after a single filtration through a fluorous cartridge. Levels of ruthenium residues as determined by ICP-MS were found to depend on the monomer structure, eluting solvent, and the degree of polymerization targeted. Ruthenium residues were minimized to low ppm levels (4-75 ppm) for most samples examined and also led to the improved thermal stability of the final materials. This represents the most efficient single method for removal of ruthenium residues from metathesis polymerization products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chenxiao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlanta Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Bai J, Wang Y, You W. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclopropene derivatives towards polyolefin elastomer analogues. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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To TA, Mai BK, Nguyen TV. Toward Homogeneous Brønsted-Acid-Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis Reactions. Org Lett 2022; 24:7237-7241. [PMID: 36166378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The carbonyl-olefin metathesis (COM) reaction is an attractive approach for the formation of a new carbon-carbon double bond from a carbonyl precursor. In principle, this reaction can be promoted by the activation of the carbonyl group with a Brønsted acid catalyst; however, it is often complicated as a result of unwanted side reactions under acidic conditions. Thus, there have been only a very few examples of Brønsted-acid-catalyzed COM reactions, all of which required specially designed setups. Herein, we report a new practical homogeneous Brønsted-acid-catalyzed protocol using nitromethane, a readily available solvent, to promote intramolecular ring-closing COM reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong Anh To
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Gong H, Ji Q, Cheng Y, Xiong J, Zhang M, Zhang Z. Controllable synthesis and structural design of novel all-organic polymers toward high energy storage dielectrics. Front Chem 2022; 10:979926. [PMID: 36059883 PMCID: PMC9428677 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.979926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the core unit of energy storage equipment, high voltage pulse capacitor plays an indispensable role in the field of electric power system and electromagnetic energy related equipment. The mostly utilized polymer materials are metallized polymer thin films, which are represented by biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films, possessing the advantages including low cost, high breakdown strength, excellent processing ability, and self-healing performance. However, the low dielectric constant (εr < 3) of traditional BOPP films makes it impossible to meet the demand for increased high energy density. Controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) and related techniques have become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of materials and have given rise to great advances in tuning the properties of polymer dielectrics. Although organic-inorganic composite dielectrics have received much attention in previous studies, all-organic polymer dielectrics have been proven to be the most promising choice because of its light weight and easy large-scale continuous processing. In this short review, we begin with some basic theory of polymer dielectrics and some theoretical considerations for the rational design of dielectric polymers with high performance. In the guidance of these theoretical considerations, we review recent progress toward all-organic polymer dielectrics based on two major approaches, one is to control the polymer chain structure, containing microscopic main-chain and side-chain structures, by the method of CRP and the other is macroscopic structure design of all-organic polymer dielectric films. And various chemistry and compositions are discussed within each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Gong
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinglong Ji
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yipin Cheng
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meirong Zhang
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhicheng Zhang,
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10
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Abstract
The ring-opening carbonyl-olefin metathesis of cyclobutenes to furnish γ,δ-unsaturated aldehydes-formal Claisen rearrangement products-is reported. The bistrifluoroacetic acid salt of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane promotes these reactions efficiently with a variety of cyclobutenes and aldehydes, including aliphatic, α,β-unsaturated, aryl, and heteroaryl aldehydes. Catalytic reactions are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell G. Holl
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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