1
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Liao JF, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Tang Z, Xing G. Achieving Near-Unity Red Light Photoluminescence in Antimony Halide Crystals via Polyhedron Regulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404100. [PMID: 38616169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Exploration of efficient red emitting antimony hybrid halide with large Stokes shift and zero self-absorption is highly desirable due to its enormous potential for applications in solid light emitting, and active optical waveguides. However, it is still challenging and rarely reported. Herein, a series of (TMS)2SbCl5 (TMS=triphenylsulfonium cation) crystals have been prepared with diverse [SbCl5]2- configurations and distinctive emission color. Among them, cubic-phase (TMS)2SbCl5 shows bright red emission with a large Stokes shift of 312 nm. In contrast, monoclinic and orthorhombic (TMS)2SbCl5 crystals deliver efficient yellow and orange emission, respectively. Comprehensive structural investigations reveal that larger Stokes shift and longer-wavelength emission of cubic (TMS)2SbCl5 can be attributed to the larger lattice volume and longer Sb⋅⋅⋅Sb distance, which favor sufficient structural aberration freedom at excited states. Together with robust stability, (TMS)2SbCl5 crystal family has been applied as optical waveguide with ultralow loss coefficient of 3.67 ⋅ 10-4 dB μm-1, and shows superior performance in white-light emission and anti-counterfeiting. In short, our study provides a novel and fundamental perspective to structure-property-application relationship of antimony hybrid halides, which will contribute to future rational design of high-performance emissive metal halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Liao
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zikang Tang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
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2
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Meng Z, Stolz RM, De Moraes LS, Jones CG, Eagleton AM, Nelson HM, Mirica KA. Gas-Induced Electrical and Magnetic Modulation of Two-Dimensional Conductive Metal-Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404290. [PMID: 38589297 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Controlled modulation of electronic and magnetic properties in stimuli-responsive materials provides valuable insights for the design of magnetoelectric or multiferroic devices. This paper demonstrates the modulation of electrical and magnetic properties of a semiconductive, paramagnetic metal-organic framework (MOF) Cu3(C6O6)2 with small gaseous molecules, NH3, H2S, and NO. This study merges chemiresistive and magnetic tests to reveal that the MOF undergoes simultaneous changes in electrical conductance and magnetization that are uniquely modulated by each gas. The features of response, including direction, magnitude, and kinetics, are modulated by the physicochemical properties of the gaseous molecules. This study advances the design of multifunctional materials capable of undergoing simultaneous changes in electrical and magnetic properties in response to chemical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Robert M Stolz
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Lygia Silva De Moraes
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Aileen M Eagleton
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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3
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Lin Z, Zhang P, Song F, Yang Y, Miao X, Liu W. Employing racemization strategies to simultaneously enhance the quantum yield, lifetime, and water stability of room-temperature phosphorescent materials. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8052-8061. [PMID: 38817568 PMCID: PMC11134324 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01719f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials are increasingly recognized for their superior luminescent properties, which are pivotal in applications such as anti-counterfeiting, information storage, and optoelectronics. Despite this, the sensitivity of most RTP systems to humidity presents a significant challenge in achieving durable RTP performance in aqueous environments. This study proposes a strategy to enhance organic room-temperature phosphorescence through racemization. By incorporating external racemates of various chiral phosphors-NDBD-Ph, NDBD-Ph-Ph, NDBD-CH3, and NDBD-O-CH3-into a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) matrix, we significantly enhance the RTP properties (quantum yield, lifetime, and afterglow-time) of the resultant films. This enhancement can be attributed to the increased density of racemic molecules in the matrix and the increased spin-orbit coupling (SOC), facilitating the development of a long-lasting polymer RTP system in water. Notably, the racemic rac-NDBD-Ph@PAN film exhibits a persistent bright turquoise afterglow, even after immersion in water for a month. Furthermore, for the first time, we achieved an enhanced green to cyan RTP response to pH variations under both acidic and alkaline conditions (pH = 2-12), with the maximum phosphorescence emission intensity increasing up to threefold. The remarkable water stability, reversible response characteristics, and enhanced phosphorescence properties of this system offer promising potential for dynamic information encryption in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenggang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, Hechi University Yizhou 546300 P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Xuan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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4
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Ma DX, Li ZQ, Tang K, Gong ZL, Shao JY, Zhong YW. Nylons with Highly-Bright and Ultralong Organic Room-Temperature Phosphorescence. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4402. [PMID: 38782924 PMCID: PMC11116439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Endowing the widely-used synthetic polymer nylon with high-performance organic room-temperature phosphorescence would produce advanced materials with a great potential for applications in daily life and industry. One key to achieving this goal is to find a suitable organic luminophore that can access the triplet excited state with the aid of the nylon matrix by controlling the matrix-luminophore interaction. Herein we report highly-efficient room-temperature phosphorescence nylons by doping cyano-substituted benzimidazole derivatives into the nylon 6 matrix. These homogeneously doped materials show ultralong phosphorescence lifetimes of up to 1.5 s and high phosphorescence quantum efficiency of up to 48.3% at the same time. The synergistic effect of the homogeneous dopant distribution via hydrogen bonding interaction, the rigid environment of the matrix polymer, and the potential energy transfer between doped luminophores and nylon is important for achieving the high-performance room-temperature phosphorescence, as supported by combined experimental and theoretical results with control compounds and various polymeric matrices. One-dimensional optical fibers are prepared from these doped room-temperature phosphorescence nylons that can transport both blue fluorescent and green afterglow photonic signals across the millimeter distance without significant optical attenuation. The potential applications of these phosphorescent materials in dual information encryption and rewritable recording are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Xue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Yang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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5
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Li X, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Cai S, An Z, Huang W. Recent Advances in Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Metal-Organic Hybrids: Structures, Properties, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308290. [PMID: 37884272 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic hybrid (MOH) materials with room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have drawn attention in recent years due to their superior RTP properties of high phosphorescence efficiency and ultralong emission lifetime. Great achievement has been realized in developing MOH materials with high-performance RTP, but a systematic study on MOH materials with RTP feature is lacking. This review highlights recent advances in metal-organic hybrid RTP materials. The molecular packing, the photophysical properties, and their applications of metal-organic hybrid RTP materials are discussed in detail. Metal-organic hybrid RTP materials can be divided into six parts: coordination polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), metal-halide hybrids, organic ionic crystals, organic ionic polymers, and organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. These RTP materials have been successfully applied in time-resolved data encryption, fingerprint recognition, information logic gates, X-ray imaging, and photomemory. This review not only provides the basic principles of designing RTP metal-organic hybrids, but also propounds the future research prospects of RTP metal-organic hybrids. This review offers many effective strategies for developing metal-organic hybrids with excellent RTP properties, thus satisfying practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, China
| | - Zaiyong Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Suzhi Cai
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, China
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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6
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Dong C, Song X, Hasanov BE, Yuan Y, Gutiérrez-Arzaluz L, Yuan P, Nematulloev S, Bayindir M, Mohammed OF, Bakr OM. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Glasses of Atomically Precise Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7373-7385. [PMID: 38433410 PMCID: PMC10958519 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic atomically precise nanoclusters provide indispensable building blocks for establishing structure-property links in hybrid condensed matter. However, robust glasses of ligand-protected nanocluster solids have yet to be demonstrated. Herein, we show [Cu4I4(PR3)4] cubane nanoclusters coordinated by phosphine ligands (PR3) form robust melt-quenched glasses in air with reversible crystal-liquid-glass transitions. Protective phosphine ligands critically influence the glass formation mechanism, modulating the glasses' physical properties. A hybrid glass utilizing ethyldiphenylphosphine-based nanoclusters, [Cu4I4(PPh2Et)4], exhibits superb optical properties, including >90% transmission in both visible and near-infrared wavelengths, negligible self-absorption, near-unity quantum yield, and high light yield. Experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrate the structural integrity of the [Cu4I4(PPh2Et)4] nanocluster, i.e., iodine-bridged tetranuclear cubane, has been fully preserved in the glass state. The strong internanocluster CH-π interactions found in the [Cu4I4(PPh2Et)4] glass and subsequently reduced structural vibration account for its enhanced luminescence properties. Moreover, this highly transparent glass enables performant X-ray imaging and low-loss waveguiding in fibers drawn above the glass transition. The discovery of "nanocluster glass" opens avenues for unraveling glass formation mechanisms and designing novel luminescent glasses of well-defined building blocks for advanced photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Dong
- KAUST
Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Xin Song
- KAUST
Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Bashir E. Hasanov
- KAUST
Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Youyou Yuan
- Core
Laboratories, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luis Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- Advanced
Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), and KAUST Catalysis
Center (KCC), Physical Sciences and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peng Yuan
- KAUST
Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Saidkhodzha Nematulloev
- KAUST
Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Mehmet Bayindir
- Center
for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of
Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Advanced
Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), and KAUST Catalysis
Center (KCC), Physical Sciences and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M. Bakr
- KAUST
Catalysis Center (KCC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
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7
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Dai W, Jiang Y, Lei Y, Huang X, Sun P, Shi J, Tong B, Yan D, Cai Z, Dong Y. Recent progress in ion-regulated organic room-temperature phosphorescence. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4222-4237. [PMID: 38516079 PMCID: PMC10952074 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have attracted considerable attention for their extended afterglow at ambient conditions, eco-friendliness, and wide-ranging applications in bio-imaging, data storage, security inks, and emergency illumination. Significant advancements have been achieved in recent years in developing highly efficient RTP materials by manipulating the intermolecular interactions. In this perspective, we have summarized recent advances in ion-regulated organic RTP materials based on the roles and interactions of ions, including the ion-π interactions, electrostatic interactions, and coordinate interactions. Subsequently, the current challenges and prospects of utilizing ionic interactions for inducing and modulating the phosphorescent properties are presented. It is anticipated that this perspective will provide basic guidelines for fabricating novel ionic RTP materials and further extend their application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Dai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Yitian Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Yunxiang Lei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Peng Sun
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Jianbing Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Bin Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Yuping Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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8
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Yuan J, Wang Y, Zhou B, Xie W, Zheng B, Zhang J, Li P, Yu T, Qi Y, Tao Y, Chen R. Direct Population of Triplet States for Efficient Organic Afterglow through the Intra/Intermolecular Heavy-Atom Effect. Molecules 2024; 29:1014. [PMID: 38474526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic afterglow is a fascinating phenomenon with exceptional applications. However, it encounters challenges such as low intensity and efficiency, and typically requires UV-light excitation and facile intersystem crossing (ISC) due to its spin-forbidden nature. Here, we develop a novel strategy that bypasses the conventional ISC pathway by promoting singlet-triplet transition through the synergistic effects of the intra/intermolecular heavy-atom effect in aromatic crystals, enabling the direct population of triplet excited states from the ground state. The resulting materials exhibit a bright organic afterglow with a remarkably enhanced quantum efficiency of up to 5.81%, and a significantly increased organic afterglow lifetime of up to 157 microseconds under visible light. Moreover, given the high-efficiency visible-light excitable organic afterglow emission, the potential application is demonstrated in lifetime-resolved, color-encoded, and excitation wavelength-dependent pattern encryption. This work demonstrates the importance of the direct population method in enhancing the organic afterglow performance and red-shifting the excitation wavelength, and provides crucial insights for advancing organic optoelectronic technologies that involve triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, 1 Yangshan North Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yongrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, 1 Yangshan North Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjing Xie
- Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, 1 Yangshan North Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Botao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, 1 Yangshan North Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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9
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Zhang X, Li X, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang Y. Afterglow Phosphor Goes Transparent. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10003-10011. [PMID: 37906169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, transparent afterglow phosphors have attracted increasing interest due to the mitigated self-absorption and the ensuing improved light output, which have inspired many advanced applications, including volumetric display and three-dimensional optical encryption. To date, the most successful afterglow phosphors remain those traditional oxide, nitride, or sulfide powders which are not transparent due to a severe scattering effect. By reduction of the number of interfaces and engineering the refractive index, the scattering effect could be circumvented effectively. To this end, four material systems, including transparent afterglow single crystals, transparent phosphorescent organics, transparent afterglow glass, and luminescent nanocomposites, were reviewed in this Perspective. We started with the discussion of the nontransparency origin. Through a careful inspection of Rayleigh scattering theory, a general solution involving both refractive index and particle size was proposed to reduce the scattering effect. Many representative works on transparent afterglow phosphors were systematically reviewed, where the typical synthesis methods and the advantages and disadvantages of each system were critically presented. In the last part, bottlenecks, prospects, and future development directions based on transparent afterglow phosphors are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhou Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeqi Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhai Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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10
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Alexander E, Ceresa L, Pham D, Gryczynski Z, Gryczynski I. Effect of annealing on the room temperature luminescence of coumarin 106 in PVA films. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2023; 12:015005. [PMID: 37879322 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ad06dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of annealing on the luminescence of Coumarin 106 (C106) in poly (vinyl alcohol) films (PVA films). The samples and reference polymer films were treated at temperatures between 100 °C and 150 °C (212 F and 302 F) for various times. After cooling and smoothing, the samples and references were measured at room temperature. We observed that the PVA polymer (reference films) changes its optical properties with annealing at higher temperatures, affecting the baselines in absorption and the backgrounds in emission measurements. This requires precise background subtractions and control of the signal-to-noise ratio. Whereas the fluorescence intensity of C106 in PVA films modestly decreases with annealing, the phosphorescence depends dramatically and progressively increases by many folds. The fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes decrease with the annealing, which suggests an increase in the non-radiative processes in the singlet excited state S1. The increase in the phosphorescence intensities results from increased intersystem crossing (ISC), which also decreases fluorescence. We also studied the effect of annealing on phosphorescence with the directly excited triplet state of C106. In this case, two processes are affected by annealing, S0→T1absorption and T1→S0phosphorescence. The long-wavelength excitation (475 nm) avoids PVA polymer excitation. The phosphorescence lifetime decreases with annealing while the phosphorescence intensity increases. These changes suggest that the radiative rate of T1→ S0increases with annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Alexander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, United States of America
| | - Luca Ceresa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, United States of America
| | - Danh Pham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, United States of America
| | - Zygmunt Gryczynski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, United States of America
| | - Ignacy Gryczynski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, United States of America
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11
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Li X, Huang C, Fan Y, Bai Z, An BL, Xu J, Zheng W, Bai YL. Boosting Solid-State Luminescence of Thiazolothiazole Viologen by Incorporating Metal Halide Clusters to Hinder π-Stacking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46022-46030. [PMID: 37729492 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy is developed herein to improve the solid fluorescence of thiazolothiazole viologen by using the ZnCl42- cluster as a scaffold to hinder π-stacking. Importantly, the Cl···H bonds are formed in the solid state to sustain the framework and can be automatically dissociated when dissolved in H2O, thus having no impact on the strong emission in aqueous solution. As such, the first case of organic-inorganic viologen-zinc halide named 4PV·ZnCl4 was designed and synthesized, and a significant increase in photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦF) is realized from 4PV·2Br (ΦF = 0%) to 4PV·ZnCl4 (ΦF = 27.0%) in solid and from 97% to 98% in H2O. 4PV·ZnCl4 also displays pH stimuli-responsive naked-eye chromic behavior and photoluminescence with different coloring states and intensities. The multifunctional performance of 4PV·ZnCl4 provides a prerequisite for carrying different information, expanding their promising application in multilevel information encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Li
- NEST LAB, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chen Huang
- NEST LAB, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Fan
- NEST LAB, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhiang Bai
- NEST LAB, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bao-Li An
- NEST LAB, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiaqiang Xu
- NEST LAB, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Yue-Ling Bai
- NEST LAB, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai 200444, China
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12
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Zhou B, Qi Z, Dai M, Xing C, Yan D. Ultralow-loss Optical Waveguides through Balancing Deep-Blue TADF and Orange Room Temperature Phosphorescence in Hybrid Antimony Halide Microstructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309913. [PMID: 37574452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the potential of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is crucial for developing light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, sensors, and many others. However, effective strategies in this domain are still relatively scarce. This study presents a new approach to achieving highly efficient deep-blue TADF (with a PLQY of 25 %) and low-energy orange RTP (with a PLQY of 90 %) through the fabrication of lead-free hybrid halides. This new class of monomeric and dimeric 0D antimony halides can be facilely synthesized using a bottom-up solution process, requiring only a few seconds to minutes, which offer exceptional stability and nontoxicity. By leveraging the highly adaptable molecular arrangement and crystal packing modes, the hybrid antimony halides demonstrate the ability to self-assemble into regular 1D microrod and 2D microplate morphologies. This self-assembly is facilitated by multiple non-covalent interactions between the inorganic cores and organic shells. Notably, these microstructures exhibit outstanding polarized luminescence and function as low-dimensional optical waveguides with remarkably low optical-loss coefficients. Therefore, this work not only presents a pioneering demonstration of deep-blue TADF in hybrid antimony halides, but also introduces 1D and 2D micro/nanostructures that hold promising potential for applications in white LEDs and low-dimensional photonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Meiqi Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Chang Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
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13
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Fu PY, Yi SZ, Wang ZH, Zhuang JY, Zhang QS, Mo JT, Wang SC, Zheng H, Pan M, Su CY. One/Two-Photon-Excited ESIPT-Attributed Coordination Polymers with Wide Temperature Range and Color-Tunable Long Persistent Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309172. [PMID: 37488076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The multiple metastable excited states provided by excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) molecules are beneficial to bring temperature-dependent and color-tunable long persistent luminescence (LPL). Meanwhile, ESIPT molecules are intrinsically suitable to be modulated as D-π-A structure to obtain both one/two-photon excitation and LPL emission simultaneously. Herein, we report the rational design of a dynamic CdII coordination polymer (LIFM-106) from ESIPT ligand to achieve the above goals. By comparing LIFM-106 with the counterparts, we established a temperature-regulated competitive relationship between singlet excimer and triplet LPL emission. The optimization of ligand aggregation mode effectively boost the competitiveness of the latter. In result, LIFM-106 shows outstanding one/two-photon excited LPL performance with wide temperature range (100-380 K) and tunable color (green to red). The multichannel radiation process was further elucidated by transient absorption and theoretical calculations, benefiting for the application in anti-counterfeiting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yan Fu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shao-Zhe Yi
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhong-Hao Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhuang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiang-Sheng Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun-Ting Mo
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mei Pan
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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14
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Wang X, Yin B, Jiang L, Yang C, Liu Y, Zou G, Chen S, Zhu M. Ligand-protected metal nanoclusters as low-loss, highly polarized emitters for optical waveguides. Science 2023; 381:784-790. [PMID: 37498987 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescent molecules and nanomaterials have potential applications as active waveguides, but such a use has often been limited by high optical losses and complex fabrication processes. We explored ligand-protected metal nanoclusters (LPMNCs), which can have strong, stable, and tunable emission, as waveguides. Two alloy LPMNCs, Pt1Ag18 and AuxAg19-x (7 ≤ x ≤ 9), were synthesized and structurally determined. Crystals of both exhibited excellent optical waveguide performance, with optical loss coefficients of 5.26 × 10-3 and 7.77 × 10-3 decibels per micrometer, respectively, lower than those demonstrated by most inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials. The crystal packing and molecular orientation of the Pt1Ag18 compound led to an extremely high polarization ratio of 0.91. Aggregation enhanced the quantum yields of Pt1Ag18 and AuxAg19-x LPMNCs by 115- and 1.5-fold, respectively. This photonic cluster with low loss and high polarization provides a generalizable and versatile platform for active waveguides and polarizable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yin
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Lirong Jiang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Cui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
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15
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Chavez J, Ceresa L, Kitchner E, Pham D, Gryczynski Z, Gryczynski I. Room temperature phosphorescence of 2-aminopyridine with direct triplet state excitation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 295:122640. [PMID: 36958243 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorescence emission at room temperature has been observed from 2-Aminopyridyne (2APi) embedded in poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films. The gated emission with UV excitation at 305 nm results in a residual delayed fluorescence at around 350 nm and a broad phosphorescence spectrum with a maximum of around 500 nm. The phosphorescence excitation spectrum of 2APi - doped PVA film differs from the absorption spectrum in the long-wavelength part, showing a band at about 400-450 nm. The phosphorescence spectrum measured with a blue (420 nm) excitation closely resembles the spectrum measured with 305 nm excitation. Whereas the phosphorescence anisotropy measured with UV excitation is low and negative, with the blue excitation, the anisotropy is high and positive. The phosphorescence lifetimes (a fraction of a millisecond) are similar for UV and blue excitations. Both phosphorescence emissions with either UV or blue excitation strongly depend on temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Chavez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States.
| | - Luca Ceresa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States
| | - Emma Kitchner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States
| | - Danh Pham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States
| | - Zygmunt Gryczynski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States
| | - Ignacy Gryczynski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States
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16
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Li Z, Zeng W, Li Y. Recent Progress in MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Detection. Molecules 2023; 28:4891. [PMID: 37446552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, substantial advancements have been made in the development of enzyme-free glucose sensors utilizing pristine metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their combinations. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of various MOF-based glucose sensors, encompassing monometallic MOF sensors as well as multi-metal MOF combinations. These approaches demonstrate improved glucose detection capabilities, facilitated by the augmented surface area and availability of active sites within the MOF structures. Furthermore, the paper delves into the application of MOF complexes and derivatives in enzyme-free glucose sensing. Derivatives incorporating carbon or metal components, such as carbon cloth synthesis, rGO-MOF composites, and core-shell structures incorporating noble metals, exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance. Additionally, the integration of MOFs with foams or biomolecules, such as porphyrins, enhances the electrocatalytic properties for glucose detection. Finally, this paper concludes with an outlook on the future development prospects of enzyme-free glucose MOF sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yanqiong Li
- School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 400030, China
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17
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Lin R, Chai M, Zhou Y, Chen V, Bennett TD, Hou J. Metal-organic framework glass composites. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37335141 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The melting phenomenon in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been recognised as one of the fourth generation MOF paradigm behaviours. Molten MOFs have high processibility for producing mechanically robust glassy MOF macrostructures, and they also offer highly tunable interfacial characteristics when combined with other types of functional materials, such as crystalline MOFs, inorganic glass and metal halide perovskites. As a result, MOF glass composites have emerged as a family of functional materials with dynamic properties and hierarchical structural control. These nanocomposites allow for sophisticated materials science studies as well as the fabrication of next-generation separation, catalysis, optical, and biomedical devices. Here, we review the approaches for designing, fabricating, and characterising MOF glass composites. We determine the key application opportunities enabled by these composites and explore the remaining hurdles, such as improving thermal and chemical compatibility, regulating interfacial properties, and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijia Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Milton Chai
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Yinghong Zhou
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Vicki Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Cambridge University, CB3 0FS, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jingwei Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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18
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Wang M, Zhao H, Du B, Lu X, Ding S, Hu X. Functions and applications of emerging metal-organic-framework liquids and glasses. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37191098 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00834g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively studied and applied in various fields across chemistry, biology and engineering in the past decades. Recently, a family of emerging MOF liquids and glasses have gained ever-growing research interests owing to their fascinating phase transitions and unique functions. To date, a growing number of MOF crystals have been found to be capable of transforming into liquid and glassy states under external stimuli, which overcomes the limitations of MOF crystals by introducing functional disorder in a controlled manner and offering some desirable properties. This review is dedicated to compiling recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the phase and structure evolution during crystal melting and glass formation in order to give insights into the underlying conversion mechanism. Benefiting from the disordered metal-ligand arrangement and free grain boundaries, various functional properties of liquid and glassy MOFs including porosity, ionic conductivity, and optical/mechanical properties are summarized and evaluated in detail, accompanied by the structure-property correlation. At the same time, their potential applications are further assessed from a developmental perspective according to their unique functions. Finally, we summarize the current progress in the development of liquid/glassy MOFs and point out the serious challenges as well as the potential solutions. This work provides perspectives on the functional applications of liquid/glassy MOFs and highlights the future research directions for the advancement of MOF liquids and glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State key laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), Xi'an 710049, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State key laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bowei Du
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State key laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State key laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State key laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State key laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), Xi'an 710049, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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19
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Yu Y, He K, Xu H, Xiao Z, Chen L, Xu S, Bai G. Flexible multi-color electroluminescent devices with a high transmission conducting hydrogel and an organic dielectric. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:9196-9202. [PMID: 37157894 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electroluminescent devices have sparked widespread interest due to their tremendous applications in bioinspired electronics, smart wearables, and human-machine interfaces. In these applications, it is important to reduce the operating electrical frequency and realize color modulation. Herein, flexible electroluminescent devices have been fabricated with phosphor layers by a solution method. Using polyvinylidene difluoride as a dielectric layer and ionic hydrogels as electrodes, the devices can be effectively driven even when the operating frequency is 0.1 kHz. More importantly, the devices can exhibit multi-color emission, including blue, green, red and white. The results show that the developed devices are promising for flexible optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Kun He
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Gongxun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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20
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Ali MA, Winters WMW, Mohamed MA, Tan D, Zheng G, Madsen RSK, Magdysyuk OV, Diaz-Lopez M, Cai B, Gong N, Xu Y, Hung I, Gan Z, Sen S, Sun HT, Bennett TD, Liu X, Yue Y, Qiu J. Fabrication of Super-Sized Metal Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Glass with Supramolecular Network via Crystallization-Suppressing Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218094. [PMID: 36744674 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal coordination compound (MCC) glasses [e.g., metal-organic framework (MOF) glass, coordination polymer glass, and metal inorganic-organic complex (MIOC) glass] are emerging members of the hybrid glass family. So far, a limited number of crystalline MCCs can be converted into glasses by melt-quenching. Here, we report a universal wet-chemistry method, by which the super-sized supramolecular MIOC glasses can be synthesized from non-meltable MOFs. Alcohol and acid were used as agents to inhibit crystallization. The MIOC glasses demonstrate unique features including high transparency, shaping capability, and anisotropic network. Directional photoluminescence with a large polarization ratio (≈47 %) was observed from samples doped with organic dyes. This crystallization-suppressing approach enables fabrication of super-sized MCC glasses, which cannot be achieved by conventional vitrification methods, and thus allows for exploring new MCC glasses possessing photonic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wessel M W Winters
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Moushira A Mohamed
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dezhi Tan
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Guojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Rasmus S K Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Oxana V Magdysyuk
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Maria Diaz-Lopez
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yijue Xu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL-32310, USA
| | - Ivan Hung
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL-32310, USA
| | - Zhehong Gan
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL-32310, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Sen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA-95616, USA
| | - Hong-Tao Sun
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB30FS, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jianrong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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21
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Wang Y, Lai Y, Ren T, Tang J, Gao Y, Geng Y, Zhang J, Ma X. Construction of Artificial Light-Harvesting Systems Based on Aggregation-Induced Emission Type Supramolecular Self-Assembly Metallogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1103-1110. [PMID: 36625456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A method for preparing new artificial light-harvesting systems (ALHSs) based on supramolecular metallogels was proposed. Various metal ions were introduced into a solution of a bi-benzimidazole compound (P) in ethylene glycol, and P exhibited high selectivity toward Al3+, as indicated by the noticeable red shift (49 nm) observed in the fluorescence spectra of P after the addition of Al3+. Interestingly, the gelator, P, could self-assemble into a stable supramolecular gel (P-gel) that exhibits strong aggregation-induced emission in ethylene glycol. Thus, two ALHSs were successfully prepared in a gel environment. The P-Al3+ assembly acts as the donor in the ALHSs, while BODIPY 505/515 (BDP) and rhodamine 6G (Rh6G), which are loaded onto the P-Al3+ assembly, act as acceptors. In these two diverse systems, the occurrence of an energy transfer process is confirmed from the P-Al3+ assembly to BDP and Rh6G. The findings of this study will enable the design and fabrication of ALHSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingshan Lai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutao Geng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxian Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
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Shi Z, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Yang D, Gan L, Huang J. Triply Hiding Optical Information via Excitation-Dependent Allochroic Photoluminescence Based on Cellulose Derivates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205697. [PMID: 36408922 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical encryption technologies are widely used in information security, whereas the technology with one single optical secret key can be easily cracked. Here, a triple encryption is reported, which hides patterned information in excitation-dependent allochroic materials with long afterglow, enhancing the security level. The allochroic materials are based on a uniaxial co-assembly structure of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and silica. The assembled CNCs present blue emission with quantum yield of 19.8% under 367 nm UV radiation. The blue emission is maintained in the inverse structure when CNCs are calcinated and converted to carbon dots (CDs). The inverse uniaxial-assembly structure improves the CD emission by 6.7 times. The assembly structure can even improve the phosphorescence of CDs, leading to excellent excitation-dependent allochroic properties. Specifically, the materials maintain a cyan long afterglow luminescence at 480 nm after removing 365 nm UV light, whose lifetime is 0.492 s. Changing the excitation wavelength to 254 nm, a UV emission at 343 nm can be obtained, alongside a blue long afterglow luminescence of 420 nm, whose lifetime is 1.574 s. Combining with blue afterglow materials, optical encryption labels are prepared, which hide different patterned information in three scenarios: natural light, UV light, and afterglow luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Dimei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Lin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
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23
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Xue ZY, Yu JL, Xia QQ, Zhu YQ, Wu MX, Liu X, Wang XH. Color-Tunable Binary Copolymers Manipulated by Intramolecular Aggregation and Hydrogen Bonding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53359-53369. [PMID: 36383092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Construction of color-tunable luminescent polymeric materials with enhanced emission intensity and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) performance regulated by a single chromophore component is highly desirable in the scope of photoluminescent materials. Herein, a set of binary copolymers were facilely synthesized using free radical polymerization by selecting different types of polymer matrix and N-substituted naphthalimides (NPA) as chromophores. Surprisingly, the fluorescence emission of copolymers could be remarkably enhanced, because of the intramolecular aggregation of NPA manipulated by a single polymer chain in both solution and solid state. Moreover, RTP signals of binary copolymers were all clearly observed in the air without any processing procedure, because of the embedding of phosphors into hydrogen bonding networks after copolymerization with vinyl-based acrylamide monomers. Taking advantages of the synergistic effect of copolymerization-induced aggregation and copolymerization-induced rigidification to promote optical performance, UV stimulus-responsive luminescent polymer films with processability, flexibility, and adjustable emission wavelength were simply prepared using a drop-casting method in large scale, the setting of which is the basis for application in the fields of organic optoelectronics, information security, and bioimaging/sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qing Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qi Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Huo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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Zhao T, Busko D, Richards BS, Howard IA. Limitation of room temperature phosphorescence efficiency in metal organic frameworks due to triplet-triplet annihilation. Front Chem 2022; 10:1010857. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1010857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) on the room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is studied in benchmark RTP MOFs based on Zn metal centers and isophthalic or terephthalic acid linkers (ZnIPA and ZnTPA). The ratio of RTP to singlet fluorescence is observed to decrease with increasing excitation power density. Explicitly, in ZnIPA the ratio of the RTP to fluorescence is 0.58 at 1.04 mW cm−2, but only 0.42 at (the still modest) 52.6 mW cm−2. The decrease in ratio is due to the reduction of RTP efficiency at higher excitation due to TTA. The density of triplet states increases at higher excitation power densities, allowing triplets to diffuse far enough during their long lifetime to meet another triplet and annihilate. On the other hand, the shorter-lived singlet species can never meet an annihilate. Therefore, the singlet fluorescence scales linearly with excitation power density whereas the RTP scales sub-linearly. Equivalently, the efficiency of fluorescence is unaffected by excitation power density but the efficiency of RTP is significantly reduced at higher excitation power density due to TTA. Interestingly, in time-resolved measurements, the fraction of fast decay increases but the lifetime of long tail of the RTP remains unaffected by excitation power density. This may be due to the confinement of triplets to individual grains, leading decay to be faster until there is only one triplet per grain left. Subsequently, the remaining “lone triplets” decay with the unchanging rate expressed by the long tail. These results increase the understanding of RTP in MOFs by explicitly showing the importance of TTA in determining the (excitation power density dependent) efficiency of RTP. Also, for applications in optical sensing, these results suggest that a method based on long tail lifetime of the RTP is preferable to a ratiometric approach as the former will not be affected by variation in excitation power density whereas the latter will be.
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