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Lasky MR, Liu EC, Remy MS, Sanford MS. Visible-Light Photocatalytic C-H Amination of Arenes Utilizing Acridine-Lewis Acid Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14799-14806. [PMID: 38759094 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a visible-light photocatalytic system for C(sp2)-H amination that leverages in situ-generated photocatalysts. We demonstrate that the combination of acridine derivatives and Lewis acids forms potent photooxidants that promote the C-H amination of electronically diverse arenes upon irradiation with visible-light (440 nm). A first-generation photocatalyst composed of Sc(OTf)3 and acridine effects the C-H amination of substrates with oxidation potentials ≤ +2.5 V vs SCE with pyrazole, triazole, and pyridine nucleophiles. Furthermore, the simplicity and modularity of this system enable variation of both Lewis acid and acridine to tune reactivity. This enabled the rapid identification of two second-generation photocatalysts (derived from (i) Al(OTf)3 and acridine or (ii) Sc(OTf)3 and a pyridinium-substituted acridine) that catalyze a particularly challenging transformation: C(sp2)-H amination with benzene as the limiting reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lasky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - En-Chih Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew S Remy
- Corporate R&D, Dow, 1776 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Carson MC, Liu CR, Kozlowski MC. Synthesis of Phenol-Pyridinium Salts Enabled by Tandem Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexation and Iridium Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3419-3429. [PMID: 38365194 PMCID: PMC11197922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a dual photocatalytic system to synthesize phenol-pyridinium salts using visible light. Utilizing both electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex and iridium(III) photocatalytic cycles, the C-N cross-coupling of unprotected phenols and pyridines proceeds in the presence of oxygen to furnish pyridinium salts. Photocatalytic generation of phenoxyl radical cations also enabled a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of a fluorophenol with an electron-poor pyridine. Spectroscopic experiments were conducted to probe the mechanism and reaction selectivity. The unique reactivity of these phenol-pyridinium salts were displayed in several derivatization reactions, providing rapid access to a diverse chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Carson
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Cindy R. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Wei J, Meng J, Zhang C, Liu Y, Jiao N. Dioxygen compatible electron donor-acceptor catalytic system and its enabled aerobic oxygenation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1886. [PMID: 38424055 PMCID: PMC10904740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The photochemical properties of Electron Donor-Acceptor (EDA) complexes present exciting opportunities for synthetic chemistry. However, these strategies often require an inert atmosphere to maintain high efficiency. Herein, we develop an EDA complex photocatalytic system through rational design, which overcomes the oxygen-sensitive limitation of traditional EDA photocatalytic systems and enables aerobic oxygenation reactions through dioxygen activation. The mild oxidation system transfers electrons from the donor to the effective catalytic acceptor upon visible light irradiation, which are subsequently captured by molecular oxygen to form the superoxide radical ion, as demonstrated by the specific fluorescent probe, dihydroethidine (DHE). Furthermore, this visible-light mediated oxidative EDA protocol is successfully applied in the aerobic oxygenation of boronic acids. We believe that this photochemical dioxygen activation strategy enabled by EDA complex not only provides a practical approach to aerobic oxygenation but also promotes the design and application of EDA photocatalysis under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Caifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Selingo JD, Greenwood JW, Andrews MK, Patel C, Neel AJ, Pio B, Shevlin M, Phillips EM, Maddess ML, McNally A. A General Strategy for N-(Hetero)arylpiperidine Synthesis Using Zincke Imine Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:936-945. [PMID: 38153812 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Methods to synthesize diverse collections of substituted piperidines are valuable due to the prevalence of this heterocycle in pharmaceutical compounds. Here, we present a general strategy to access N-(hetero)arylpiperidines using a pyridine ring-opening and ring-closing approach via Zincke imine intermediates. This process generates pyridinium salts from a wide variety of substituted pyridines and (heteroaryl)anilines; hydrogenation reactions and nucleophilic additions then access the N-(hetero)arylpiperidine derivatives. We successfully applied high-throughput experimentation (HTE) using pharmaceutically relevant pyridines and (heteroaryl)anilines as inputs and developed a one-pot process using anilines as nucleophiles in the pyridinium salt-forming processes. This strategy is viable for generating piperidine libraries and applications such as the convergent coupling of complex fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake D Selingo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jacob W Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Mary Katherine Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Chirag Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrew J Neel
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Company, Incorporated, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Shevlin
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric M Phillips
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matthew L Maddess
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Urbiña-Alvarez J, Rincón-Carvajal S, Gamba-Sánchez D. Ammonia surrogates in the synthesis of primary amines. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7036-7051. [PMID: 37575051 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01202f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Ammonia serves as the primary nitrogen source in amination reactions, and its utilization in solution or as a pure gas has witnessed notable advancements. However, the use of gaseous ammonia remains problematic in academic laboratory settings, while employing aqueous ammonia poses challenges in highly water-sensitive transformations. Consequently, the search for alternative sources of ammonia has garnered considerable attention among the organic chemistry community. This comprehensive literature review focuses on the use of ammonia surrogates in amination reactions, irrespective of the resulting intermediate. The review emphasizes the formation of the C-N bond and underscores the importance of generating intermediate products that can be readily transformed into primary amines through well-established reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Urbiña-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305, Bogotá 111711, Colombia.
| | - Sergio Rincón-Carvajal
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305, Bogotá 111711, Colombia.
| | - Diego Gamba-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12 Q:305, Bogotá 111711, Colombia.
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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Lasky MR, Salvador TK, Mukhopadhyay S, Remy MS, Vaid TP, Sanford MS. Photochemical C(sp 2 )-H Pyridination via Arene-Pyridinium Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208741. [PMID: 36100577 PMCID: PMC9828204 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a photochemical method for C(sp2 )-H pyridination that leverages the photoexcitation of electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. Experimental and DFT studies show that black light (λmax ≈350 nm) irradiation of solutions of protonated pyridines (acceptors) and aromatic C-H substrates (donors) results in single electron transfer to form aryl radical cation intermediates that can be trapped with pyridine nucleophiles under aerobic conditions. With some modification of the reaction conditions, this EDA activation mode is also effective for promoting the oxidatively triggered SN Ar pyridination of aryl halides. Overall, this report represents an inexpensive and atom-economical approach to photochemical pyridination reactions that eliminates the requirement of an exogenous photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Lasky
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Tolani K. Salvador
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Vaid
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
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