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Bone KI, Puleo TR, Bandar JS. Direct C-H Hydroxylation of N-Heteroarenes and Benzenes via Base-Catalyzed Halogen Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9755-9767. [PMID: 38530788 PMCID: PMC11006572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are valued in many industries as both key constituents of end products and diversifiable synthetic building blocks. Accordingly, the development of reactions that complement and address the limitations of existing methods for the introduction of aromatic hydroxyl groups is an important goal. To this end, we apply base-catalyzed halogen transfer (X-transfer) to enable the direct C-H hydroxylation of mildly acidic N-heteroarenes and benzenes. This protocol employs an alkoxide base to catalyze X-transfer from sacrificial 2-halothiophene oxidants to aryl substrates, forming SNAr-active intermediates that undergo nucleophilic hydroxylation. Key to this process is the use of 2-phenylethanol as an inexpensive hydroxide surrogate that, after aromatic substitution and rapid elimination, provides the hydroxylated arene and styrene byproduct. Use of simple 2-halothiophenes allows for C-H hydroxylation of 6-membered N-heteroarenes and 1,3-azole derivatives, while a rationally designed 2-halobenzothiophene oxidant extends the scope to electron-deficient benzene substrates. Mechanistic studies indicate that aromatic X-transfer is reversible, suggesting that the deprotonation, halogenation, and substitution steps operate in synergy, manifesting in unique selectivity trends that are not necessarily dependent on the most acidic aryl position. The utility of this method is further demonstrated through streamlined target molecule syntheses, examples of regioselectivity that contrast alternative C-H hydroxylation methods, and the scalable recycling of the thiophene oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendelyn I. Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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2
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Li Y, Lv Z, Wang Y, Wan Z, Knochel P, Chen YH. Preparation of Aromatic and Heterocyclic Amines by the Electrophilic Amination of Functionalized Diorganozincs with Polyfunctional O-2,6-Dichlorobenzoyl Hydroxylamines. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38179956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We report a catalyst-free electrophilic amination, which enables the synthesis of aromatic and heterocyclic amines. By subjecting diarylzinc or diheteroarylzinc compounds to readily accessible O-2,6-dichlorobenzoyl hydroxylamines in the presence of MgCl2 in dioxane at a temperature of 60 °C (8-16 h). This new electrophilic amination allowed an expedited synthesis of two pharmaceutically significant compounds: vortioxetine is a key intermediate of delamanid. This approach offers opportunities for the streamlined synthesis of amine-based molecules in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zongchao Lv
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- CMC Pharmaceutical Research Center, Wuhan RS Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yunkun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- CMC Pharmaceutical Research Center, Wuhan RS Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Zhaohua Wan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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3
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Hamze C, Brossier J, Karaghiosoff K, Godineau E, Knochel P. Selective and Stepwise Functionalization of the Pyridazine Scaffold by Using Thio-Substituted Pyridazine Building Blocks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302156. [PMID: 37534401 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
We described a regioselective tri- and tetra-functionalization of the pyridazine scaffold using two readily available building blocks: 3-alkylthio-6-chloropyridazine and 3,4-bis(methylthio)-6-chloropyridazine by performing selective metalations with TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl and catalyst-tuned cross-coupling reactions with arylzinc halides. Several of the resulting pyridazines were converted into more elaborated N-heterocycles such as thieno[2,3-c]pyridazines and 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Hamze
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Brossier
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Research & Development, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
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4
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R Judge N, Logallo A, Hevia E. Main group metal-mediated strategies for C-H and C-F bond activation and functionalisation of fluoroarenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11617-11628. [PMID: 37920337 PMCID: PMC10619642 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03548d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With fluoroaromatic compounds increasingly employed as scaffolds in agrochemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients, the development of methods which facilitate regioselective functionalisation of their C-H and C-F bonds is a frontier of modern synthesis. Along with classical lithiation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution protocols, the vast majority of research efforts have focused on transition metal-mediated transformations enabled by the redox versatilities of these systems. Breaking new ground in this area, recent advances in main group metal chemistry have delineated unique ways in which s-block, Al, Ga and Zn metal complexes can activate this important type of fluorinated molecule. Underpinned by chemical cooperativity, these advances include either the use of heterobimetallic complexes where the combined effect of two metals within a single ligand set enables regioselective low polarity C-H metalation; or the use of novel low valent main group metal complexes supported by special stabilising ligands to induce C-F bond activations. Merging these two different approaches, this Perspective provides an overview of the emerging concept of main-group metal mediated C-H/C-F functionalisation of fluoroarenes. Showcasing the untapped potential that these systems can offer in these processes; focus is placed on how special chemical cooperation is established and how the trapping of key reaction intermediates can inform mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Judge
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Logallo
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
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5
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Kastrati A, Kremsmair A, Sunagatullina AS, Korotenko V, Guersoy YC, Rout SK, Lima F, Brocklehurst CE, Karaghiosoff K, Zipse H, Knochel P. Calculation-assisted regioselective functionalization of the imidazo[1,2- a]pyrazine scaffold via zinc and magnesium organometallic intermediates. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11261-11266. [PMID: 37860644 PMCID: PMC10583695 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02893c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Straightforward calculations such as determinations of pKa values and N-basicities have allowed the development of a set of organometallic reactions for the regioselective functionalization of the underexplored fused N-heterocycle imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine. Thus, regioselective metalations of 6-chloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine using TMP-bases (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) such as TMPMgCl·LiCl and TMP2Zn·2MgCl2·2LiCl provided Zn- and Mg-intermediates, that after quenching with various electrophiles gave access to polyfunctionalized imidazopyrazine heterocycles. Additionally, the use of TMP2Zn·2MgCl2·2LiCl as base for the first metalation allowed an alternative regioselective metalation. Nucleophilic additions at position 8 as well as selective Negishi cross-couplings complete the set of methods for selectively decorating this heterocycle of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agonist Kastrati
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Alexander Kremsmair
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Alisa S Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Vasilii Korotenko
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Yusuf C Guersoy
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Saroj K Rout
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Cara E Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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Saito F, Euteneuer S. One-Pot, Three-Component Assembly of Sulfides Using a Sulfoxide Reagent as a Sulfur Dication Equivalent. Org Lett 2023; 25:6057-6061. [PMID: 37551799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a one-pot, three-component synthesis of sulfides by exploiting a sulfoxide reagent as a formal sulfur dication equivalent. Our protocol consists of three simple chemical operations involving two Grignard reagents and trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) to sequentially form sulfenate anions, sulfenate esters, and sulfides. We demonstrate a wide range of Grignard reagents to be coupled, thereby allowing the modular, thiol-free synthesis of sulfides including dialkenyl and alkenyl-alkynyl sulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumito Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Euteneuer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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