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Kataoka S, Kitagawa D, Sotome H, Ito S, Miyasaka H, Bardeen CJ, Kobatake S. Relationship between spatially heterogeneous reaction dynamics and photochemical kinetics in single crystals of anthracene derivatives. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13421-13428. [PMID: 39183903 PMCID: PMC11339781 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding physicochemical property changes based on reaction kinetics is required to design materials exhibiting desired functions at arbitrary timings. In this work, we investigated the photodimerization of anthracene derivatives in single crystals. Single crystals of 9-cyanoanthracene (9CA) and 9-anthraldehyde (9AA) exhibited reaction front propagation on the optical length scale, while 9-methylanthracene and 9-acetylanthracene crystals underwent spatially homogeneous conversion. Moreover, the sigmoidal behavior in the absorbance change associated with the reaction was much pronounced in the case of 9CA and 9AA and correlated with the observation of heterogeneous reaction progress. A kinetic analysis based on the Finke-Watzky model showed that the effective quantum yield of the photochemical reaction changes by more than an order of magnitude during the course of the reaction in 9CA and 9AA. Both the reaction front propagation and nonlinear kinetic behavior could be rationalized in terms of the difference in the cooperativity of the reactions. We propose a plausible mechanism for the heterogeneous reaction progress in single crystals that depends on the magnitude of the conformational change required for reaction. Our results provide useful information to understand the connection between photochemical reaction progress in the crystalline phase and the dynamic changes in the physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogo Kataoka
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Syoji Ito
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
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Rohmer M, Ebbinghaus SG, Busse K, Radicke J, Kressler J, Binder WH. A Living Topochemical Ring-Opening Polymerization of Achiral Amino Acid N-Carboxy-Anhydrides in Single Crystals. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302585. [PMID: 37698241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A living topochemical ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of achiral amino-acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) is reported. Single crystals of the NCAs of α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and 1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (ACHC) were grown, allowing a ring-opening polymerization macroscopically induced by amines. The single crystals could be polymerized at temperatures from 25-50 °C after physically contacting the amine-based initiator with the crystals. Topochemical polymerization of the crystals was proven by MALDI-ToF MS and XRD, generating polymers with chain lengths of up to 40 units and a complete affixation of the initiating amine at the polymer's head. Due to the proper alignment of the reacting groups in the crystal, longer polymer chains with improved purities can be reached, as chain-transfer is reduced as compared to solution polymerization. Simple purification of the polymers can be achieved by separation of the unreacted NCA via dispersion in acetonitrile. Overall, this method enables the preparation of polymers with higher chain length and purities at mild conditions, finally demonstrating a crystal-based ring opening polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rohmer
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan G Ebbinghaus
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Karsten Busse
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julian Radicke
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
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