1
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Zhu L, Luo H, Liu J, Luo B, Yang S, Fang X. Rapid Construction of Polycyclic Skeletons via Brønsted-Base-Catalyzed Annulations of Ethylidene 1,3-Indenediones and Vinyl 1,2-Diketones. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38980187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Brønsted-base-catalyzed diversified annulations between ethylidene 1,3-indenediones and vinyl 1,2-diketones have been achieved, delivering three types of products containing oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, spiro[4.5]decane, and branched triquinane skeletons, respectively, which widely exist in natural products and bioactive substances. Two unprecedented reaction modes have been disclosed, and the reactions could be readily scaled up. The protocol shows the potential of 1,2-diketone-mediated reactions in the rapid construction of complicated polycyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Haotian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Jinggong Liu
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Benlong Luo
- Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Xinqiang Fang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
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2
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Ge FB, Lu CJ, Chen X, Yao W, An M, Jiang YK, Xu LP, Liu RR. Enantioselective Nickel-Catalyzed Denitrogenative Transannulation En Route to N-N Atropisomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400441. [PMID: 38587149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed transannulation reactions triggered by the extrusion of small gaseous molecules have emerged as a powerful strategy for the efficient construction of heterocyclic compounds. However, their use in asymmetric synthesis remains challenging because of the difficulty in controlling stereo- and regioselectivity. Herein, we report the first nickel-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of N-N atropisomers by the denitrogenative transannulation of benzotriazones with alkynes. A broad range of N-N atropisomers was obtained with excellent regio- and enantioselectivity under mild conditions. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into the nickel-catalyzed reaction mechanism and enantioselectivity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Bei Ge
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wang Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mei An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yu-Kun Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
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3
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Sun Y, Yang T, Wang Q, Shi L, Song MP, Niu JL. Atroposelective N-N Axes Synthesis via Electrochemical Cobalt Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:5063-5068. [PMID: 38864356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Here, we disclosed an unprecedented cobalt electrocatalyzed atroposelective C-H activation and annulation for the efficient construction of diversely functionalized N-N axes in an undivided cell. A broad range of allene substrates and benzamides bearing different functionalities are compatible with generating axially chiral products with good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 92% yield and 99% ee). A series of synthetic applications and control experiments were also performed, which further expanded the practicality of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Sun
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Taixin Yang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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4
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Wang J, Pan D, Wang F, Yu S, Huang G, Li X. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Larock reaction for the atroposelective synthesis of N─N chiral indoles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado4489. [PMID: 38728391 PMCID: PMC11086601 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomeric indoles defined by a N─N axis are an important class of heterocycles in synthetic and medicinal chemistry and material sciences. However, they remain heavily underexplored due to limited synthetic methods and challenging stereocontrol over the short N─N bonds. Here, we report highly atroposelective access to N─N axially chiral indoles via the asymmetric Larock reaction. This protocol leveraged the powerful role of chiral phosphoramidite ligand to attenuate the common ligand dissociation in the original Larock reaction, forming N─N chiral indoles with excellent functional group tolerance and high enantioselectivity via palladium-catalyzed intermolecular annulation between readily available o-iodoaniline and alkynes. The multifunctionality in the prepared chiral indoles allowed diverse post-coupling synthetic transformations, affording a broad array of functionalized chiral indoles. Experimental and computational studies have been conducted to explore the reaction mechanism, elucidating the enantio-determining and rate-limiting steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, (China)
| | - Fen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
| | - Songjie Yu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, (China)
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, (China)
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, (China)
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5
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Deng R, Dong P, Ge J, Zhang W, Xue X, Duan L, Shi L, Gu Z. Regio- and Atroposelective Ring-Opening of 1H-Benzo[4,5]oxazolopyridinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402231. [PMID: 38407456 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of new methods for regio- and stereoselective activation of C-O bonds in ethers holds significant promise for synthetic chemistry, offering advantages in terms of environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. Moreover, the C-N atropisomers represent a fascinating and crucial chiral system, extensively found in natural products, pharmaceutical leads, and the frameworks of advanced materials. In this work, we have introduced a nickel-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective carbon-oxygen arylation reaction for atroposelective synthesis of N-arylisoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones. The high regioselectivity of C-O cleavage benefits from the high stability of the in situ formed (amido)ethenolate via oxidative addition. Additionally, the self-activation of the aryl C-O bond facilitates the reaction under mild conditions, leading to outstanding enantioselectivities. The diverse post-functionalizations of the axially chiral isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones further highlighted the utility of this protocol in preparing valuable C-N atropisomers, including the chiral phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixian Deng
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Puyang Dong
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jimeng Ge
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoping Xue
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Longhui Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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6
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Liu SJ, Zhao Q, Liu XC, Gamble AB, Huang W, Yang QQ, Han B. Bioactive atropisomers: Unraveling design strategies and synthetic routes for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38515232 DOI: 10.1002/med.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomerism, an expression of axial chirality caused by limited bond rotation, is a prominent aspect within the field of medicinal chemistry. It has been shown that atropisomers of a wide range of compounds, including established FDA-approved drugs and experimental molecules, display markedly different biological activities. The time-dependent reversal of chirality in atropisomers poses complexity and obstacles in the process of drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, recent progress in understanding atropisomerism and enhanced characterization methods have greatly assisted medicinal chemists in the effective development of atropisomeric drug molecules. This article provides a comprehensive review of their special design thoughts, synthetic routes, and biological activities, serving as a reference for the synthesis and biological evaluation of bioactive atropisomers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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7
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Wang JY, Gao CH, Ma C, Wu XY, Ni SF, Tan W, Shi F. Design and Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Furan-Indole Compounds Bearing both Axial and Central Chirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316454. [PMID: 38155472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
In the chemistry community, catalytic asymmetric synthesis of furan-based compounds bearing both axial and central chirality has proven to be a significant but challenging issue owing to the importance and difficulty in constructing such frameworks. In this work, we have realized the first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of five-five-membered furan-based compounds bearing both axial and central chirality via organocatalytic asymmetric (2+4) annulation of achiral furan-indoles with 2,3-indolyldimethanols with uncommon regioselectivity. By this strategy, furan-indole compounds bearing both axial and central chirality were synthesized in high yields with excellent regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities. Moreover, theoretical calculations were conducted to provide an in-depth understanding of the reaction pathway, activation mode, and the origin of the selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Cong-Hui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xin-Yue Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Wei Tan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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8
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Li JH, Li XK, Feng J, Yao W, Zhang H, Lu CJ, Liu RR. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Seven-Membered Ring with Inherent Chirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319289. [PMID: 38185722 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Inherent chirality is used to describe chiral cyclic molecules devoid of central, axial, planar, or helical chirality and has tremendous applications in chiral recognition and enantioselective synthesis. Catalytic and divergent syntheses of inherently chiral molecules have attracted increasing interest from chemists. Herein, we report the enantioselective synthesis of inherently chiral tribenzocycloheptene derivatives via chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed condensation of cyclic ketones and hydroxylamines. This chemistry paves the way to accessing the less stable derivatives of 7-membered rings with inherent chirality. A series of chiral tribenzocycloheptene oxime ethers was synthesized in good yields (up to 97 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao-Kai Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wang Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
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9
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Lee C, Lee S, Kim A, Kwon Y. Nitro-Enabled Atroposelective Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of 2-Arylindoles by Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:681-686. [PMID: 38232328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the atroposelective alkylation of 2-arylindoles catalyzed by a substituted cinchonium salt as a phase-transfer catalyst. Under the optimized reaction conditions, various substrates are employed to yield products with high enantioselectivity. The presence of an ortho-nitro group at the aromatic ring is essential for high atroposelectivity, because it facilitates favorable interactions between the catalyst and substrate. The origin of the enantioselectivity reveals favorable π-π interactions for both enantiomers and unfavorable steric strains for undesired enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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10
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Zhang HH, Li TZ, Liu SJ, Shi F. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomers Bearing Multiple Chiral Elements: An Emerging Field. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311053. [PMID: 37917574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of asymmetric catalysis, the demand for the enantioselective synthesis of complex and diverse molecules with different chiral elements is increasing. Owing to the unique features of atropisomerism, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of atropisomers has attracted a considerable interest from the chemical science community. In particular, introducing additional chiral elements, such as carbon centered chirality, heteroatomic chirality, planar chirality, and helical chirality, into atropisomers provides an opportunity to incorporate new properties into axially chiral compounds, thus expanding the potential applications of atropisomers. Thus, it is important to perform catalytic asymmetric transformations to synthesize atropisomers bearing multiple chiral elements. In spite of challenges in such transformations, in recent years, chemists have devised powerful strategies under asymmetric organocatalysis or metal catalysis, synthesizing a wide range of enantioenriched atropisomers bearing multiple chiral elements. Therefore, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of atropisomers bearing multiple chiral elements has become an emerging field. This review summarizes the rapid progress in this field and indicates challenges, thereby promoting this field to a new horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hao Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Tian-Zhen Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Si-Jia Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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11
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Wang SJ, Wang X, Xin X, Zhang S, Yang H, Wong MW, Lu S. Organocatalytic diastereo- and atroposelective construction of N-N axially chiral pyrroles and indoles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:518. [PMID: 38225235 PMCID: PMC10789812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction of N-N axially chiral motifs is an important research topic, owing to their wide occurrence in natural products, pharmaceuticals and chiral ligands. One efficient method is the atroposelective dihydropyrimidin-4-one formation. We present herein a direct catalytic synthesis of N-N atropisomers with simultaneous creation of contiguous axial and central chirality by oxidative NHC (N-heterocyclic carbenes) catalyzed (3 + 3) cycloaddition. Using our method, we are able to synthesize structurally diverse N-N axially chiral pyrroles and indoles with vicinal central chirality or bearing a 2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4-one moiety in moderate to good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Further synthetic transformations of the obtained axially chiral pyrroles and indoles derivative products are demonstrated. The reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity are understood through DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaolan Xin
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shulei Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Shenci Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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12
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Yang G, He Y, Wang T, Li Z, Wang J. Atroposelective Synthesis of Planar-Chiral Indoles via Carbene Catalyzed Macrocyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316739. [PMID: 38014469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Indole-based planar-chiral macrocycles are widely found in natural products and bioactive molecules. However, in sharp contrast to the preparation of indole-based axially chiral structures, the enantioselective catalysis of indole-based planar-chiral macrocycles is still a formidable task so far. Here we report an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed intramolecular atroposelective macrocyclization of 3-carboxaldehyde indole/pyrroles, featuring with broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, and allowing for a rapid access to diverse indole/pyrrole-based planar-chiral macrocycles with various tether-lengths (10-16 members) in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. Importantly, the indole-based macrocyclic structures with both planar and axial chirality were directly and efficiently obtained through this protocol with excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities. In addition, these synthesized planar-chiral macrocycles offer many possibilities for chemists to develop new catalysts or ligands, as well as new reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongming Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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13
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Yamanomoto K, Yamamoto K, Yoshida S, Sato S, Akiyama T. Enantioselective synthesis of 3-( N-indolyl)quinolines containing axial and central chiralities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:582-585. [PMID: 38095093 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05142k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Quinoline and indole are important core structures in biologically active compounds and materials. Atropisomeric biaryls consisting of quinoline and indole are a unique class of axially chiral molecules. We report herein enantioselective synthesis of 3-(N-indolyl)quinolines having both C-N axial chirality and carbon central chirality by a photoredox Minisci-type addition reaction catalyzed by a chiral lithium phosphate/Ir-photoredox complex. The catalytic system enabled access to a unique class of 3-(N-indolyl)quinolines with high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities in good yields through the appropriate choice of an acid catalyst and a photocatalyst. This is the first example of the synthesis of 3-(N-indolyl)quinoline atropisomers in a highly enantioselective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamanomoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kota Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Division of Advanced Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takahiko Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
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14
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Feng J, Liu RR. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of N-N Biaryl Atropisomers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303165. [PMID: 37850396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomers have emerged as important structural scaffolds in natural products, drug design, and asymmetric synthesis. Recently, N-N biaryl atropisomers have drawn increasing interest due to their unique structure and relatively stable axes. However, its asymmetric synthesis remains scarce compared to its well-developed C-C biaryl analogs. In this concept, we summarize the asymmetric synthesis of N-N biaryl atropisomers including N-N pyrrole-pyrrole, N-N pyrrole-indole, N-N indole-indole, and N-N indole-carbazole, during which a series synthetic strategies are highlighted. Also, a synthetic evolution is briefly reviewed and an outlook of N-N biaryl atropisomers synthesis is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, NingXia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
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15
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Hu P, Hu L, Li XX, Pan M, Lu G, Li X. Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroarylative Cyclization of 1,6-Diynes to Access Atropisomerically Labile Chiral Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312923. [PMID: 37971168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Axially chiral open-chained olefins are an underexplored class of atropisomers, whose enantioselective synthesis represents a daunting challenge due to their relatively low racemization barrier. We herein report rhodium(I)-catalyzed hydroarylative cyclization of 1,6-diynes with three distinct classes of arenes, enabling highly enantioselective synthesis of a broad range of axially chiral 1,3-dienes that are conformationally labile (ΔG≠ (rac)=26.6-28.0 kcal/mol). The coupling reactions in each category proceeded with excellent enantioselectivity, regioselectivity, and Z/E selectivity under mild reaction conditions. Computational studies of the coupling of quinoline N-oxide system reveal that the reaction proceeds via initial oxidative cyclization of the 1,6-diyne to give a rhodacyclic intermediate, followed by σ-bond metathesis between the arene C-H bond and the Rh-C(vinyl) bond, with subsequent C-C reductive elimination being enantio-determining and turnover-limiting. The DFT-established mechanism is consistent with the experimental studies. The coupled products of quinoline N-oxides undergo facile visible light-induced intramolecular oxygen-atom transfer, affording chiral epoxides with complete axial-to-central chirality transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panjie Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mengxiao Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an, 710062, China
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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16
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Wei Y, Sun F, Li G, Xu S, Zhang M, Hong L. Enantioselective Synthesis of N-N Amide-Pyrrole Atropisomers via Paal-Knorr Reaction. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38109522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric construction of monoheteroaryl N-N axially chiral compounds and chiral five-membered aryl-based scaffolds remains challenging. Herein, we present a highly efficient enantioselective synthesis of monoheteroaryl N-N atropisomers via an asymmetric Paal-Knorr reaction, affording a diverse array of N-N amide-pyrrole atropisomers with excellent enantioselectivities. Gram-scale synthesis and post-transformations of the product demonstrated the synthesis utility of this method. Racemization experiments confirmed the configurational stability of these N-N axially chiral products. This study not only provides the first de novo cyclization example for accessing an asymmetric monoheteroaryl N-N scaffold but also offers a new member of the N-N atropisomer family with potential synthetic and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - ShiYu Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Hong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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17
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Tian D, Li ZC, Sun ZH, He YP, Xu LP, Wu H. Catalytic Enantioselective Biltz Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313797. [PMID: 37814442 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The Biltz synthesis establishes straightforward access to 5,5-disubstituted (thio)hydantoins by combining a 1,2-diketone and a (thio)urea. Its appealing features include inherent atom and step economy together with the potential to generate structurally diverse products. However, control of the stereochemistry of this reaction has proven to be a daunting challenge. Herein, we describe the first example of enantioselective catalytic Biltz synthesis which affords more than 40 thiohydantoins with high stereo- and regio-control, irrespective of the symmetry of thiourea structure. A one pot synthesis of corresponding hydantoins is also documented. Remarkably, experimental studies and DFT calculations establish the reaction pathway and origin of stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tian
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhuo-Chen Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ze-Hua Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Ping He
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
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18
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Wang CS, Xiong Q, Xu H, Yang HR, Dang Y, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N, N'-pyrrolylindoles via de novo indole formation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12091-12097. [PMID: 37969599 PMCID: PMC10631393 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The first organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N,N'-pyrrolylindoles based on o-alkynylanilines was successfully established via de novo indole formation catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid (CPA). This new synthetic strategy introduced CPA-catalyzed asymmetric 5-endo-dig cyclization of new well-designed o-alkynylanilines containing a pyrrolyl unit, resulting in a wide range of axially chiral N,N'-pyrrolylindoles in high yields with exclusive regioselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% yield, >20 : 1 rr, 95 : 5 er). Considering the potential biological significance of N-N atropisomers, preliminary biological activity studies were performed and revealed that these structurally important N,N'-pyrrolylindoles had a low IC50 value with promising impressive cytotoxicity against several kinds of cancer cell lines. DFT studies reveal that the N-nucleophilic cyclization mediated by CPA is the rate- and stereo-determining step, in which ligand-substrate dispersion interactions facilitate the axial chirality of the target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qi Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Hao-Ran Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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19
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Zhan LW, Lu CJ, Feng J, Liu RR. Atroposelective Synthesis of C-N Vinylindole Atropisomers by Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroarylation of 1-Alkynylindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312930. [PMID: 37747364 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed hydroarylation of unsymmetrical internal alkynes remains challenging because of the difficulty in controlling regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Moreover, the enantioselective hydroarylation of alkynes using organoboron reagents has not been reported. Herein, we report for the first time that palladium compounds can catalyze the hydroarylation of 1-alkynylindoles with organoborons for the synthesis of chiral C-N atropisomers. A series of rarely reported vinylindole atropisomers was synthesized with excellent regio-, stereo- (Z-selectivity), and enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. The ready availability of organoborons and alkynes and the simplicity, high stereoselectivity, and good functional group tolerance of this catalytic system make it highly attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308#, Qingdao, 266071, China
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20
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Kee Cheng J, Tan B. Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Compounds Involving Indole Derivatives. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300147. [PMID: 37358342 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Indoles are one of the most ubiquitous subclass of N-heterocycles and are increasingly incorporated to design new axially chiral scaffolds. The rich profile of reactivity and N-H functionality allow chemical derivatization for enhanced medicinal, material and catalytic properties. Although asymmetric C-C coupling of two arenes gives the most direct access of axially chiral biaryl scaffolds, this chemistry has been the remit of metal catalysis and works efficiently on limited substrates. Our group has devoted special interest in devising novel organocatalytic arylation reactions to fabricate biaryl atropisomers. In this realm, indoles and derivatives have been reliably used as the arylation partners in combination with azoarenes, nitrosonapthalenes and quinone derivatives. Their efficient interaction with chiral phosphoric acid catalyst as well as the tunability of electronics and sterics have enabled excellent control of stereo-, chemo- and regioselectivity to furnish diverse scaffolds. In addition, indoles could act as nucleophiles in desymmetrization of 1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diones. This account provides a succinct illustration of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kee Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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21
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Han TJ, Guan CY, Li N, Dong R, Xu LP, Xiao X, Wang MC, Mei GJ. Catalytic atroposelective synthesis of heterobiaryls with vicinal C-C and N-N diaxes via dynamic kinetic resolution. iScience 2023; 26:107978. [PMID: 37822512 PMCID: PMC10562788 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is a highly efficient dynamic kinetic resolution protocol for the atroposelective synthesis of heterobiaryls with vicinal C-C and N-N diaxes. Atropisomers bearing vicinal diaxes mainly exist in o-triaryls, while that of biaryls is highly challenging in terms of the concerted rotation and deplanarization effects. The combination of C-C biaryl with N-N nonbiaryl delivers a novel class of vicinal-diaxis heterobiaryls. For their atroposelective synthesis, the dynamic kinetic resolution enabled by either quinine-catalyzed allylation or isothiourea-catalyzed acylation has been developed, allowing the preparation of a wide range of vicinal-axis heterobiaryls in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. Atropisomerization experiments revealed that the C-C bond rotation led to diastereomers, and the N-N bond rotation offered enantiomers. Besides, this protocol could be extended to kinetic resolution by employing substrates with a more hindered axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiao Han
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chun-Yan Guan
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Dong
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic China
| | - Min-Can Wang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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22
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Zhang M, Chen L, Sun H, Liu Z, Huang J, Yu F. Synthesis of Tetrahydro-indolones through Rh(III)-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation of Enaminones with Iodonium Ylides. Org Lett 2023; 25:7298-7303. [PMID: 37787679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented protocol for a Rh(III)-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation from simple and readily available enaminones and iodonium ylides has been developed. The novel strategy allows for access to a new class of structurally diverse tetrahydro-indolones with high efficiency and a broad substrate scope. In addition, this transformation represents the first example of the selective Rh(III)-catalyzed alkenyl C-H bond functionalization and annulation of enaminones. Finally, the potential applications of this protocol are demonstrated through gram-scale reaction and late-stage modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Longkun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuzhong Huang
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
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23
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Li XZ, He YP, Wu H. Zinc chloride-catalyzed cyclizative 1,2-rearrangement enables facile access to morpholinones bearing aza-quaternary carbons. Commun Chem 2023; 6:216. [PMID: 37805578 PMCID: PMC10560277 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Morpholines and morpholinones are important building blocks in organic synthesis and pharmacophores in medicinal chemistry, however, C3-disubstituted morpholines/morpholinones are extremely difficult to access. Here we show the ZnCl2-catalyzed cyclizative 1,2-rearrangement for the efficient synthesis of morpholinones bearing aza-quaternary stereocenters. A series of structurally diverse C3-disubstituted morpholin-2-ones which are difficultly accessible by existing methods were efficiently constructed from readily available two achiral linear compounds. Notably, mechanistic studies reveal that this reaction proceeds via an unusual sequence of direct formal [4 + 2] heteroannulation regioselectively delivering specific α-iminium/imine hemiacetals followed by a 1,2-esters or amides shift process, which is different from the reported mechanism of the aza-benzilic ester rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Zi Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu-Ping He
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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24
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Zhang M, Chen L, Sun H, Liu Z, Yan SJ, Yu F. Rh(III)-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation/Pinacol Rearrangement Reaction of Enaminones with Iodonium Ylides: Direct Synthesis of 2-Spirocyclo-pyrrol-3-ones. Org Lett 2023; 25:7214-7219. [PMID: 37751319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel Rh(III)-catalyzed cascade alkenyl C-H activation/[3 + 2] annulation/pinacol rearrangement reaction of enaminones with iodonium ylides has been developed. This methodology provides a new and straightforward synthetic strategy to afford highly functionalized 2-spirocyclo-pyrrol-3-ones in satisfactory yield from readily available starting materials under mild conditions. Moreover, gram-scale reactions and further derivatization experiments are implemented to demonstrate the potential utility of this developed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Longkun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
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25
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An S, Hao A, Xing P. Supramolecular axial chirality in [N-I-N] +-type halogen bonded dimers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10194-10202. [PMID: 37772111 PMCID: PMC10530288 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Axial chiral molecules are extensively used as skeletons in ligands for asymmetric catalysis and as building blocks of chiroptical materials. Designing axial chirality at the supramolecular level potentially endows a material with dynamic tunability and adaptivity. In this work, for the first time, we have reported a series of halogen-bonded dimeric complexes with axial chirality that were formed by noncovalent bonds. The [N-I-N]+-type halogen bond is highly directional and freely rotatable with good linearity and ultra-high bond energy; this bond was introduced to couple quinoline moieties with chiral substitutes. The resultant dimers were stable in solutions with thermo-resistance. Prominent steric effects from the 2' chiral pendant allowed the chirality to be transferred to aryl skeletons with induced preferred axial chirality and optical activities. Halogen-bonded complexation presented visible emissions to afford luminescent axial chiral materials, whereby circularly polarized fluorescence and phosphorescence were achieved. The [N-I-N]+-type halogen bond performed as a powerful tool to construct functional axial chiral compounds, enriching the toolbox for asymmetric synthesis and optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo An
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyou Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
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26
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Song S, Wang Y, Yu F. Construction of 1,4-Dihydropyridines: The Evolution of C4 Source. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:30. [PMID: 37749452 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The field of cascade cyclization for the construction of 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) has been continuously expanding during the last decades because of their broad-spectrum biological and synthetic importance. To date, many methods have been developed, mainly including the Hantzsch reaction, Hantzsch-like reaction and newly developed cascade cyclization, in which various synthons have been successively developed as C4 sources of 1,4-DHPs. This review presents the cascade cyclization synthesis strategy for the construction of 1,4-DHPs according to various C4 sources from carbonyl compounds, alkenyl fragments, alcohols, aliphatic amines, glycines and other C4 sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- College of Vocational and Technical Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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Feng J, Lu CJ, Liu RR. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomers Featuring an Aza Axis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2537-2554. [PMID: 37694726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAtropisomers bearing a rotation-restricted axis are common structural units in natural products, chiral ligands, and drugs; thus, the prevalence of asymmetric synthesis has increased in recent decades. Research into atropisomers featuring an N-containing axis (N-X atropisomers) remains in its infancy compared with the well-developed C-C atropisomer analogue. Notably, N-X atropisomers could offer divergent scaffolds, which are extremely important in bioactive molecules. The asymmetric synthesis of N-X atropisomers is recognized as both appealing and challenging. Recently, we devoted our efforts to the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of N-X atropisomers, benzimidazole-aryl N-C atropisomers, indole-aryl N-C atropisomers, hydrogen-bond-assisted N-C atropisomers, pyrrole-pyrrole N-N atropisomers, pyrrole-indole N-N atropisomers, and indole-indole N-N atropisomers. To obtain the N-C atropisomers, an asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig reaction of amidines or enamines was employed. Using a Pd(OAc)2/(S)-BINAP or Pd(OAc)2/(S)-Xyl-BINAP catalyst system, benzimidazole-aryl N-C atropisomers and indole-aryl N-C atropisomers were readily obtained. To address the issue of the reduced stability of the diarylamine axis, a six-membered intramolecular N-H-O hydrogen bond was introduced into the N-C atropisomer scaffold. A tandem N-arylation/oxidation process was used for the chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of N-aryl quinone atropisomers. For N-N atropisomers, a copper-mediated asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation/arylation reaction was developed. The desymmetrization process was completed successfully via a Cu(OTf)2/chiral bisoxazoline or (CuOTf)·Tol/bis(phosphine) dioxide system, thereby achieving the first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of N/N bipyrrole atropisomers. Asymmetric Buchwald-Hartwig amination of enamines was utilized to provide N-N bisindole atropisomers with excellent stereogenic control. This was the first asymmetric synthesis of N-N atropisomers featuring a bisindole structural scaffold using the de novo indole construction strategy. The asymmetric N-N heterobiaryl atropisomer synthesis was substantially facilitated using palladium-catalyzed transient directing group (TDG)-mediated C-H functionalization. Atropisomeric alkenylation, allylation, or alkynylation was accomplished using the Pd(OAc)2/l-tert-leucine system. Herein, we summarize our work on the palladium-, copper-, and CPA-catalyzed asymmetric syntheses of N-C and N-N atropisomers. Furthermore, the application of our work in the synthesis of bioactive molecule analogues and axially chiral ligands is demonstrated. Subsequently, the stability of the chiral N-containing axis is briefly discussed in terms of single crystals and obtained rotational barriers. Finally, an outlook on the asymmetric N-X atropisomer synthesis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Yin SY, Zhou Q, Liu CX, Gu Q, You SL. Enantioselective Synthesis of N-N Biaryl Atropisomers through Iridium(I)-Catalyzed C-H Alkylation with Acrylates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305067. [PMID: 37140049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective synthesis of N-N biaryl atropisomers is an emerging area but remains underexplored. The development of efficient synthesis of N-N biaryl atropisomers is in great demand. Herein, the construction of N-N biaryl atropisomers through iridium-catalyzed asymmetric C-H alkylation is reported for the first time. In the presence of readily available Ir precursor and Xyl-BINAP, a variety of axially chiral molecules based on indole-pyrrole skeleton were obtained in good yields (up to 98 %) with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee). In addition, N-N bispyrrole atropisomers could also be synthesized in excellent yields and enantioselectivity. This method features perfect atom economy, wide substrate scope, and multifunctionalized products allowing diverse transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiansujia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Material and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Chen-Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Material and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Li T, Shi L, Wang X, Yang C, Yang D, Song MP, Niu JL. Cobalt-catalyzed atroposelective C-H activation/annulation to access N-N axially chiral frameworks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5271. [PMID: 37644016 PMCID: PMC10465517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-N atropisomer, as an important and intriguing chiral system, was widely present in natural products, pharmaceutical lead compounds, and advanced material skeletons. The anisotropic structural characteristics caused by its special axial rotation have always been one of the challenges that chemists strive to overcome. Herein, we report an efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of N-N axially chiral frameworks via a cobalt-catalyzed atroposelective C-H activation/annulation process. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions by using Co(OAc)2·4H2O as the catalyst with a chiral salicyl-oxazoline (Salox) ligand and O2 as an oxidant, affording a variety of N-N axially chiral products with high yields and enantioselectivities. This protocol provides an efficient approach for the facile construction of N-N atropisomers and further expands the range of of N-N axially chiral derivatives. Additionally, under the conditions of electrocatalysis, the desired N-N axially chiral products were also successfully achieved with good to excellent efficiencies and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xinhai Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.
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Wu C, Chang Z, Peng C, Bai C, Xing J, Dou X. Catalytic asymmetric indolization by a desymmetrizing [3 + 2] annulation strategy. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7980-7987. [PMID: 37502333 PMCID: PMC10370590 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02474a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new catalytic asymmetric indolization reaction by a desymmetrizing [3 + 2] annulation strategy is developed. The reaction proceeds via a rhodium-catalyzed enantioposition-selective addition/5-exo-trig cyclization/dehydration cascade between ortho-amino arylboronic acids and 2,2-disubstituted cyclopentene-1,3-diones to produce N-unprotected cyclopenta[b]indoles bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter in high yields with good enantioselectivities. A quantitative structure-selectivity relationship (QSSR) model was established to identify the optimal chiral ligand, which effectively controlled the formation of the stereocenter away from the reaction site. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, non-covalent interaction analysis, and Eyring analysis were performed to understand the key reaction step and the function of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqian Chang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 P. R. China
| | - Chuanyong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 P. R. China
| | - Chen Bai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 P. R. China
| | - Junhao Xing
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Dou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 211198 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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31
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Wang C, Sun J. Atroposelective Synthesis of N-N Axially Chiral Bipyrroles via Rhodium-Catalyzed C-H Insertion Reaction. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37366557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
An atroposelective synthesis of bipyrroles with an axially chiral N-N bond has been established via a rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond insertion reaction to provide the desired atropisomers in good yields (up to 97% yield) with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkai Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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Cai WY, Ding QN, Zhou L, Chen J. Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral Molecules via Organocatalytic Cycloaddition and Cyclization Reactions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114306. [PMID: 37298781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atropisomeric molecules are present in many natural products, biologically active compounds, chiral ligands and catalysts. Many elegant methodologies have been developed to access axially chiral molecules. Among them, organocatalytic cycloaddition and cyclization have attracted much attention because they have been widely used in the asymmetric synthesis of biaryl/heterobiaryls atropisomers via construction of carbo- and hetero-cycles. This strategy has undoubtedly become and will continue to be a hot topic in the field of asymmetric synthesis and catalysis. This review aims to highlight the recent advancements in this field of atropisomer synthesis by using different organocatalysts in cycloaddition and cyclization strategies. The construction of each atropisomer, its possible mechanism, the role of catalysts, and its potential applications are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Qian-Ni Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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33
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Wang LY, Miao J, Zhao Y, Yang BM. Chiral Acid-Catalyzed Atroposelective Indolization Enables Access to 1,1'-Indole-Pyrroles and Bisindoles Bearing a Chiral N-N Axis. Org Lett 2023; 25:1553-1557. [PMID: 36857743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
We present herein a highly atroposelective indolization for the efficient synthesis of 1,1'-biheteroaryls bearing a chiral N-N axis. Under the cooperative catalysis of chiral phosphoric acid and InBr3, the reactions between 2,3-diketoesters and 1,3-dione-derived enamines resulted in a highly enantioselective construction of 1,1'-pyrrole-indoles with up to 92% yield, 94% enantiomeric excess (ee), or bisindoles in up to 92% ee. Derivatizations of these compounds to diverse functionalized N-N linked axially chiral biheteroaryls have also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Yu Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiapei Miao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bin-Miao Yang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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