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Geib R, Colacino E, Gremaud L. Sustainable Beckmann Rearrangement using Bead-Milling Technology: The Route to Paracetamol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301921. [PMID: 38353034 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
To address the growing demand for more sustainable and greener chemistry, mechanochemical methodologies are emerging as key players. However, to date there has been little data highlighting the benefits of these rising mechanochemical technologies with regard to process scale-up activities or implementation in commercial production scale. Herein, we report the first application of bead-mill technology (Dyno®-mill) for the sustainable mechanochemical synthesis of Acetaminophen, known under the brand name Paracetamol. Using the Beckmann rearrangement, the optimized solvent-free methodology delivered a final product on a scale of several tens of grams. In comparison to current production solvent-based process, the proposed process achieves a higher yield while also allowing the removal of solvents in the chemical reaction, hereby reducing one of the extensive drivers to waste generation. The mechanochemical approach was compared to solvent-based process using a combination of green metrics and EcoScale score. The mechanochemical synthesis of paracetamol scores the highest for all the metrics over currently used solution-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Geib
- School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry -, Institute of Chemical Technology, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Boulevard de Pérolles, 80, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Ludovic Gremaud
- School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry -, Institute of Chemical Technology, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Boulevard de Pérolles, 80, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Intermediates in Mechanochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317638. [PMID: 38179857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions offer methodological and environmental advantages for chemical synthesis, constantly attracting attention within the scientific community. Besides unmistakable sustainability advantages, the conditions under which mechanochemical reactions occur, namely solventless conditions, sometimes facilitate the isolation of otherwise labile or inaccessible products. Despite these advantages, limited knowledge exists regarding the mechanisms of these reactions and the types of intermediates involved. Nevertheless, in an expanding number of cases, ex situ and in situ monitoring techniques have allowed for the observation, characterization, and isolation of reaction intermediates in mechanochemical transformations. In this Minireview, we present a series of examples in which reactive intermediates have been detected in mechanochemical reactions spanning organic, organometallic, inorganic, and materials chemistry. Many of these intermediates were stabilized by non-covalent interactions, which played a pivotal role in guiding the chemical transformations. We believe that by uncovering and understanding such instances, the growing mechanochemistry community could find novel opportunities in catalysis and discover new mechanochemical reactions while achieving simplification in chemical reaction design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José G Hernández
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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Bodach A, Portet A, Winkelmann F, Herrmann B, Gallou F, Ponnusamy E, Virieux D, Colacino E, Felderhoff M. Scalability of Pharmaceutical Co-Crystal Formation by Mechanochemistry in Batch. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301220. [PMID: 37975728 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of mechanochemistry is considerably growing. Benign by design, this technology complies with several principles of green chemistry, contributing to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) and the European Green Deal objectives. Herein, we report the use of mechanochemical processes in batch to prepare kilogram-scale of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API): Ibuprofen-Nicotinamide (rac-IBP:NCT) co-crystal in an industrial eccentric vibration mill. This scenario shows a sustainable approach to the industrial up-scaling of pharmaceutical co-crystals by a solvent-free mechanochemical process in batch. The quantitative assessment of the greenness of the mechanochemical process against the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry was performed using the DOZN 2.0 Green Chemistry Evaluator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bodach
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Anaïs Portet
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frederik Winkelmann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Bastian Herrmann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Ettigounder Ponnusamy
- Merck, SIGMA-ALDRICH Production GmbH, Industriestrasse 25, CH-9471, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - David Virieux
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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Cabeza JA, Reynes JF, García F, García-Álvarez P, García-Soriano R. Fast and scalable solvent-free access to Lappert's heavier tetrylenes E{N(SiMe 3) 2} 2 (E = Ge, Sn, Pb) and ECl{N(SiMe 3) 2} (E = Ge, Sn). Chem Sci 2023; 14:12477-12483. [PMID: 38020393 PMCID: PMC10646885 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02709k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iconic Lappert's heavier tetrylenes E{N(SiMe3)2}2 (E = Ge (1), Sn (2), Pb (3)) have been efficiently prepared from GeCl2·(1,4-dioxane), SnCl2 or PbCl2 and Li{N(SiMe3)2} via a completely solvent-free one-pot mechanochemical route followed by sublimation. This fast, high-yielding and scalable approach (2 has been prepared in a 100 mmol scale), which involves a small environmental footprint, represents a remarkable improvement over any synthetic route reported over the last five decades, being a so far rare example of the use of mechanochemistry in the realm of main group chemistry. This solventless route has been successfully extended to the preparation of other heavier tetrylenes, such as ECl{N(SiMe3)2} (E = Ge (4), Sn (5)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Cabeza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Pablo García-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Rubén García-Soriano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
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Celestino MF, Lima LR, Fontes M, Batista ITS, Mulinari DR, Dametto A, Rattes RA, Amaral AC, Assunção RMN, Ribeiro CA, Castro GR, Barud HS. 3D Filaments Based on Polyhydroxy Butyrate-Micronized Bacterial Cellulose for Tissue Engineering Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:464. [PMID: 37754878 PMCID: PMC10531805 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, scaffolds based on poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and micronized bacterial cellulose (BC) were produced through 3D printing. Filaments for the printing were obtained by varying the percentage of micronized BC (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00%) inserted in relation to the PHB matrix. Despite the varying concentrations of BC, the biocomposite filaments predominantly contained PHB functional groups, as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated. Thermogravimetric analyses (i.e., TG and DTG) of the filaments showed that the peak temperature (Tpeak) of PHB degradation decreased as the concentration of BC increased, with the lowest being 248 °C, referring to the biocomposite filament PHB/2.0% BC, which has the highest concentration of BC. Although there was a variation in the thermal behavior of the filaments, it was not significant enough to make printing impossible, considering that the PHB melting temperature was 170 °C. Biological assays indicated the non-cytotoxicity of scaffolds and the provision of cell anchorage sites. The results obtained in this research open up new paths for the application of this innovation in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus F. Celestino
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Lais R. Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marina Fontes
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Biosmart Nanotechnology LTDA, Araraquara 14808-162, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor T. S. Batista
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Daniella R. Mulinari
- Department of Mechanics and Energy, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UEJR), Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael A. Rattes
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - André C. Amaral
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Rosana M. N. Assunção
- Faculty of Integrated Sciences of Pontal (FACIP), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Pontal Campus, Ituiutaba 38304-402, MG, Brazil
| | - Clovis A. Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R. Castro
- Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Hernane S. Barud
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
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