1
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Shi Q, Huang X, Yang R, Liu WH. Unified ionic and radical C-4 alkylation and arylation of pyridines. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12442-12450. [PMID: 39118600 PMCID: PMC11304543 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03739a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
C-H Functionalization of pyridines is an efficient strategy to access pyridine derivatives occurring in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Nucleophilic additions to pyridiniums via both ionic and radical species have proven particularly useful. However, these reactions suffer from poor regioselectivity. By identifying an enzyme-mimic pocket-type urea activation reagent, we report a general platform for pyridine C-4 functionalization. Both ionic and radical nucleophiles can be incorporated to achieve the alkylation and arylation. Notably, the highly regioselective C-4 radical arylation is disclosed for the first time. The broad scope of nucleophiles and pyridines renders this platform applicable to the late-stage functionalization of drug-like molecules and the preparation of complex biologically important molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Shi
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ruizhi Yang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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2
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Fan ZH, Kang JX, Jia S, Pan QJ, Cao L, Chen XM, Xu CQ, Ma YN, Chen X. Triborane (B 3H 7)-mediated regioselective substitution reactions of pyridine derivatives. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03109a. [PMID: 39139736 PMCID: PMC11317908 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
There exists an interplay between borane and a Lewis base in their adducts. However, studies on these adducts so far have mainly focused on the different reactions of B-H bonds with limited attention given to the influence of borane on the chemistry of the Lewis base, except for BF3 and BAr3. Herein, we have synthesized novel borane adducts with pyridine derivatives, Py·B3H7, in which the coordination of B3H7 efficiently achieved the intra-molecular charge transfer. The strong B-N bond in these adducts resulted in the formation of stable dearomatic intermediates of pyridine derivatives, confirmed by 1H and 11B NMR spectroscopy, from which different reactions have transpired to realize C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H functionalization under mild conditions. The B3H7 pyridine derivatives are stable and do not dissociate or decompose during the reaction process. The high stability of the B-N bond makes this method a good option for boron-containing drugs with potential for use in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Heng Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Jia-Xin Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Sihan Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Qiao-Jing Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Lei Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Xi-Meng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yan-Na Ma
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Xuenian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
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3
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Xiong SS, Jian C, Mo YQ, Hu W, He YK, Ren BY, Yang YM, Li S. Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Alkene Difunctionalization of 2-Vinylpyridines via HOMO/LUMO Biactivated Diels-Alder Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10077-10086. [PMID: 38937142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The difunctionalization of vinylpyridines based on the cyclization strategy remains rare and underdeveloped, in contrast to the well-developed hydrogen functionalization. Current exploration on [4 + 2] cyclization of vinylpyridines mainly relies on extremely high temperatures and the LUMO activation of vinylpyridines using boron trifluoride as a strong Lewis acid. Herein, we established a phosphoric acid-catalyzed [4 + 2] cyclization reaction of 3-vinyl-1H-indoles and 2-vinylpyridines by means of the LUMO/HOMO bifunctional activation model. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, high functional group tolerance, broad substrate compatibility, and high diastereoselectivity, enabling the efficient construction of various functionalized pyridine-substituted tetrahydrocarbazoles with prominent potential in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shu Xiong
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Cui Jian
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yan-Qing Mo
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yong-Ke He
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Bao-Yi Ren
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yu-Ming Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shaoyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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4
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Zhou C, Ji D, Wang X, Yang C, Zhou P, Huo C. Decyanative Heteroarylations of Glycine Derivatives. Org Lett 2024; 26:5323-5328. [PMID: 38885186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids and aromatic nitrogen heterocycles are widely used in pharmaceuticals. Herein, we present an effective visible-light-driven thiobenzoic acid (TBA)-catalyzed decyanative C(sp3)-H heteroarylation of glycine derivatives. This process occurs under mild and straightforward conditions, affording a range of valuable yet challenging-to-obtain α-heteroaryl amino acid derivatives. Moreover, this organocatalytic C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond formation reaction is applicable to the late-stage modification of various short peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Zhou
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Caixia Yang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Pengxin Zhou
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Congde Huo
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
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5
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Yi S, Lee JH, Cho H, Vaithegi K, Yi D, Noh S, Park SB. Unveiled reactivity of masked diformylmethane with enamines forming resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding leads to di-meta-substituted pyridines. Commun Chem 2024; 7:146. [PMID: 38942965 PMCID: PMC11213866 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyridine, an essential structure in drug development, shows a wide array of bioactivities according to its substitution patterns. Among the bioactive pyridines, meta-substituted pyridines suffer from limited synthetic approaches despite their significance. In this study, we present a condensation-based synthetic method enabling the facile incorporation of biologically relevant functional groups at the meta position of pyridine. This methodology unveiled the concealed reactivity of 3-formyl(aza)indoles as diformylmethane analogs for synthesizing dissymmetric di-meta-substituted pyridines without ortho and para substitutions. Furthermore, we uncovered resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding (RAHB) as the requirement for the in situ generation of enamines, the key intermediates of this transformation. Successful development of the designed methodology linked to wide applications-core remodeling of natural products, drug-natural product conjugation, late-stage functionalization of drug molecules, and synthesis of the regioisomeric CZC24832. Furthermore, we discovered anti-inflammatory agents through the functional evaluation of synthesized bi-heteroaryl analogs, signifying the utility of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihyeong Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kannan Vaithegi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dawon Yi
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sijun Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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6
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Guo SM, Xu P, Studer A. Meta-Selective Copper-Catalyzed C-H Arylation of Pyridines and Isoquinolines through Dearomatized Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405385. [PMID: 38634294 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
C(sp2)-H functionalization offers an efficient strategy for the synthesis of various elaborated N-containing heteroarenes. Along these lines, oxazino pyridines that can be readily prepared from pyridines, have been introduced as powerful substrates in radical- and ionic-mediated meta-C-H functionalization. However, the regioselective meta-C-H arylation of pyridines remains a great challenge. Herein, a copper-catalyzed meta-selective C-H arylation of pyridines and isoquinolines through bench-stable dearomatized intermediates is reported. Electrophilic aryl-Cu(III) species, generated from readily accessible aryl I(III) reagents, enable the efficient meta-arylation of a broad range of pyridines and isoquinolines. The method also allows the meta-selective alkenylation of these heteroarenes using the corresponding alkenyl I(III)-reagents. Late-stage arylation of drug-derived pyridines and larger-scale experiments demonstrate the potential of this synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Guo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Pengwei Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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7
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Xu P, Wang Z, Guo SM, Studer A. Introduction of the difluoromethyl group at the meta- or para-position of pyridines through regioselectivity switch. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4121. [PMID: 38750008 PMCID: PMC11096164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Difluoromethyl pyridines have gained significant attention in medicinal and agricultural chemistry. The direct C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines represents a highly efficient economic way to access these azines. However, the direct meta-difluoromethylation of pyridines has remained elusive and methods for site-switchable regioselective meta- and para-difluoromethylation are unknown. Here, we demonstrate the meta-C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines through a radical process by using oxazino pyridine intermediates, which are easily accessed from pyridines. The selectivity can be readily switched to para by in situ transformation of the oxazino pyridines to pyridinium salts upon acid treatment. The preparation of various meta- and para-difluoromethylated pyridines through this approach is presented. The mild conditions used also allow for the late-stage meta- or para-difluoromethylation of pyridine containing drugs. Sequential double functionalization of pyridines is presented, which further underlines the value of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zhe Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shu-Min Guo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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8
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Xu S, Mi R, Zheng G, Li X. Cobalt- or rhodium-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2-dihydrophosphete oxides via C-H activation and formal phosphoryl migration. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6012-6021. [PMID: 38665527 PMCID: PMC11040647 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00649f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A highly stereo- and chemoselective intermolecular coupling of diverse heterocycles with dialkynylphosphine oxides has been realized via cobalt/rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond activation. This protocol provides an efficient synthetic entry to functionalized 1,2-dihydrophosphete oxides in excellent yields via the merger of C-H bond activation and formal 1,2-migration of the phosphoryl group. Compared with traditional methods of synthesis of 1,2-dihydrophosphetes that predominantly relied on stoichiometric metal reagents, this catalytic system features high efficiency, a relatively short reaction time, atom-economy, and operational simplicity. Photophysical properties of selected 1,2-dihydrophosphete oxides are also disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Ruijie Mi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
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9
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Lei J, Xu ZG. Reaction strategies for the meta-selective functionalization of pyridine through dearomatization. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5. [PMID: 38647989 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is a crucial structural component in various pharmaceuticals. While the direct ortho- and para-functionalization of pyridines is relatively straightforward, the meta-selective C-H functionalization remains a significant challenge. This review highlights dearomatization strategies as a key area of interest in expanding the application of meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines. Dearomatization enables the meta-functionalization through various catalytic methods that directly generate dearomatization products, and some products can be rearomatized back to pyridine derivatives. Furthermore, this article also covers the dearomatization of multiple positions of pyridine in the synthesis of polycyclic compounds. It offers a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in dearomatization at different positions of pyridine, aiming to provide a valuable resource for researchers in this field. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of existing technologies, aiming to inform a broader audience about this important field and foster its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
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10
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Yu F, Wang W, Wang S. Copper-Catalyzed, Interrupted Remote Fluoromethylthiolation of Unactivated C(sp3)-H Bonds. Org Lett 2024; 26:2068-2072. [PMID: 38426710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
An efficient copper-catalyzed selective fluoromethylthiolation of an inert δ-C(sp3)-H bond in sulfonamides was reported. In the presence of a copper catalyst and PhSO2SRf, the radical generated through 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) was sufficiently trapped by PhSO2SRf, instead of copper, which was prevalent in metal-catalyzed radical-relay processes, incorporating a fluoromethylthio group into molecules. The general substrate scope and mild conditions endowed the method with wide potential applications in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wengui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang H, Greaney MF. Regiodivergent Arylation of Pyridines via Zincke Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315418. [PMID: 37985419 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
An arylation protocol for pyridines is described, via the ring-opened Zincke intermediate. Treatment of pyridines with triflic anhydride and a secondary amine produces an azahexatriene species, which undergoes regioselective Pd-catalyzed arylation at the putative C4 position. Recyclization then provides the pyridine products. Alternatively, metal-free arylation with a diaryliodonium salt is selective for the pyridine meta-position, affording a regiodivergent approach to pyridine biaryls from a common intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Wang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael F Greaney
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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12
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Xia Y, Tang M, Zhang Q, Yu W. Dearomatization of Pyridines: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3- a]pyridines. Org Lett 2023; 25:9087-9091. [PMID: 38112501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective preparation of functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines from N-tosylhydrazones and pyridines was developed through the dearomatization of pyridines. The current transformation features good step- and atom-economy, high diastereoselectivity, and the efficient formation of four new carbon-heteroatom bonds in the corresponding product tetrahydro pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Meng Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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13
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Hu M, Ding H, DeSnoo W, Tantillo DJ, Nairoukh Z. The Construction of Highly Substituted Piperidines via Dearomative Functionalization Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315108. [PMID: 37860947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles play a vital role in pharmaceuticals and natural products, with the six-membered aromatic and aliphatic architectures being commonly used. While synthetic methods for aromatic N-heterocycles are well-established, the synthesis of their aliphatic functionalized analogues, particularly piperidine derivatives, poses a significant challenge. In that regard, we propose a stepwise dearomative functionalization reaction for the construction of highly decorated piperidine derivatives with diverse functional handles. We also discuss challenges related to site-selectivity, regio- and diastereoselectivity, and provide insights into the reaction mechanism through mechanistic studies and density functional theory computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Hao Ding
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - William DeSnoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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14
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Cao H, Bhattacharya D, Cheng Q, Studer A. C-H Functionalization of Pyridines via Oxazino Pyridine Intermediates: Switching to para-Selectivity under Acidic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428649 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
para-Selective C-H functionalization of pyridines holds a significant value but remains underdeveloped. Site-switchable C-H functionalization of pyridines under easily tunable conditions expedites drug development. We recently reported a redox-neutral dearomatization-rearomatization strategy for meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines via oxazino pyridine intermediates. Here, we demonstrate that these oxazino pyridine intermediates undergo highly para-selective functionalization simply by switching to acidic conditions. A broad scope of para-alkylated and arylated pyridines is prepared through radical as well as ionic pathways. These mild and catalyst-free methods are applied to the late-stage para-functionalization of drugs using pyridines as the limiting reagents. Consecutive meta,para-difunctionalization of pyridines is also achieved with complete regiocontrol relying on the pH-dependent reactivity of oxazino pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debkanta Bhattacharya
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
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