1
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Ni HQ, Alturaifi TM, Rodphon W, Scherschel NF, Yang S, Wang F, McAlpine IJ, Piercey DG, Liu P, Engle KM. Anti-selective Cyclopropanation of Nonconjugated Alkenes with Diverse Pronucleophiles via Directed Nucleopalladation. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39172733 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
A facile approach to obtaining densely functionalized cyclopropanes is described. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions via the directed nucleopalladation of nonconjugated alkenes with readily available pronucleophiles and gives excellent yields and good anti-selectivity using I2 and TBHP as oxidants. Pronucleophiles bearing a diverse collection of electron-withdrawing groups, including -CN, -CO2R, -COR, -SO2Ph, -CONHR, and -NO2, are well tolerated. Internal alkenes, which are generally challenging substrates in other cyclopropanation methods, provide excellent yields and good diastereoselectivity in this methodology, allowing for controlled access to cyclopropanes substituted at all three C atoms. DFT calculations and mechanistic experiments reveal that the major mechanistic pathway involves the initial α-iodination of the nucleophile, followed by anti-carbopalladation and intramolecular C(sp3)-I oxidative addition. Strain-release-promoted C(sp3)-C(sp3) reductive elimination then furnishes the cyclopropanated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Turki M Alturaifi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Warabhorn Rodphon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas F Scherschel
- Department of Materials Engineering and Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Indrawan J McAlpine
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Genesis Therapeutics, 11568 Sorrento Valley Rd. Suite 8, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering and Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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2
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Han X, Zhang N, Li Q, Zhang Y, Das S. The efficient synthesis of three-membered rings via photo- and electrochemical strategies. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc02512a. [PMID: 39156935 PMCID: PMC11325197 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-membered rings, such as epoxides, aziridines, oxaziridines, cyclopropenes, vinyloxaziridines, and azirines, are recognized as crucial pharmacophores and building blocks in organic chemistry and drug discovery. Despite the significant advances in the synthesis of these rings through photo/electrochemical methods over the past decade, there has currently been no focused discussion and updated overviews on this topic. Therefore, we presented this review article on the efficient synthesis of three-membered rings using photo- and electrochemical strategies, covering the literature since 2015. In this study, a conceptual overview and detailed discussions were provided to illustrate the advancement of this field. Moreover, a brief discussion outlines the current challenges and opportunities in synthesizing the three-membered rings using these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Han
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth Bayreuth 95447 Germany
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3
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Mondal B, Chatterjee A, Saha NC, Jana M, Saha J. Thianthrenation-promoted photoinduced alkene difunctionalization and aryl allylation with Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7184-7187. [PMID: 38904419 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01792g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
An organophotoredox-catalyzed alkoxyallylation of feed-stock olefins, through thianthrenation using a Morita-Baylis-Hillman adduct as an allylating agent, is described. Site-selective addition of MeOH to an alkene-thianthrenium salt and its subsequent conversion into a nucleophilic radical species forms the basis of this unique difunctionalization strategy. The scope is also expanded into radical aryl allylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Mondal
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), Lucknow 226014, India
| | | | - Manoranjan Jana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Jaideep Saha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali 160062, India.
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4
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Wu H, Wang J, Jing H, Zhang Z, Ou W, Su C. Base-Mediated Divergent Synthesis of Spiro-heterocycles Using Pronucleophiles and Ethylene via Thianthrenation. Org Lett 2024; 26:5415-5419. [PMID: 38917369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Spirocyclic compounds are abundant in biologically active products. However, the divergent synthesis of spirocyclic compounds using low-cost and abundant available starting materials remains a challenge. Herein, we report an effective method for producing spirocyclic motifs using a cyclic β-carbonyl ester or amide and ethylene via thianthrenation. This strategy highlights the exciting possibility of utilizing abundant ethylene as a C-2 synthon and allows regulating the core structure of the spirocyclic compound by simply altering the base type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Wu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Haochuan Jing
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhaofei Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ou
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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5
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Suryawanshi SM, Sahoo S, Shaligram PS, Manna N, Samanta RC. Electrochemically enabled (3+2) cycloaddition of unbiased alkenes and β-dicarbonyls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5836-5839. [PMID: 38747259 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A (3+2) cycloaddition between unbiased alkenes and 1,3-dicarbonyls is accomplished by judicious choice of electrode material and electrocatalyst to access dihydrofuran derivatives. A fluorinated porous carbon electrode with appropriate thickness governs unprecedented reactivity. This methodology eliminates the necessity for any stabilizing group within the alkene substrate. This is a rare example of the annulation of unbiased internal and terminal alkenes with cyclic and acyclic β-dicarbonyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad M Suryawanshi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Suman Sahoo
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
| | - Parth S Shaligram
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Narugopal Manna
- Log 9 Materials HQ and R&D Centre Survey 9, Jakkuru Layout, Bengaluru 560092, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh C Samanta
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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6
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Targos K, Gogoi AR, Ángel Rentería-Gómez, Kim MJ, Gutierrez O, Wickens ZK. Mechanism of Z-Selective Allylic Functionalization via Thianthrenium Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13689-13696. [PMID: 38739163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A detailed mechanistic study of the Z-selective allylic functionalization via thianthrenium salts is presented. Kinetic analyses, deuterium labeling experiments, and computational methods are used to rationalize the observed reactivity and selectivity. We find that the reaction proceeds via a rate-determining and stereodetermining allylic deprotonation of an alkenylthianthrenium species. The Z-configuration of the resultant allylic ylide is translated into the Z-allylic amine product through a sequence of subsequent fast and irreversible steps: protonation to form a Z-allylic thianthrenium electrophile and then regioselective substitution by the nucleophile. In the stereodetermining deprotonation step, computational studies identified a series of stabilizing nonbonding interactions in the Z-alkene-forming transition state that contribute to the stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Targos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Achyut R Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Kaplaneris N, Akdeniz M, Fillols M, Arrighi F, Raymenants F, Sanil G, Gryko DT, Noël T. Photocatalytic Functionalization of Dehydroalanine-Derived Peptides in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403271. [PMID: 38497510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Unnatural amino acids, and their synthesis by the late-stage functionalization (LSF) of peptides, play a crucial role in areas such as drug design and discovery. Historically, the LSF of biomolecules has predominantly utilized traditional synthetic methodologies that exploit nucleophilic residues, such as cysteine, lysine or tyrosine. Herein, we present a photocatalytic hydroarylation process targeting the electrophilic residue dehydroalanine (Dha). This residue possesses an α,β-unsaturated moiety and can be combined with various arylthianthrenium salts, both in batch and flow reactors. Notably, the flow setup proved instrumental for efficient scale-up, paving the way for the synthesis of unnatural amino acids and peptides in substantial quantities. Our photocatalytic approach, being inherently mild, permits the diversification of peptides even when they contain sensitive functional groups. The readily available arylthianthrenium salts facilitate the seamless integration of Dha-containing peptides with a wide range of arenes, drug blueprints, and natural products, culminating in the creation of unconventional phenylalanine derivatives. The synergistic effect of the high functional group tolerance and the modular characteristic of the aryl electrophile enables efficient peptide conjugation and ligation in both batch and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merve Akdeniz
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Méritxell Fillols
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Arrighi
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gana Sanil
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Moon H, Jung J, Choi JH, Chung WJ. Stereospecific syn-dihalogenations and regiodivergent syn-interhalogenation of alkenes via vicinal double electrophilic activation strategy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3710. [PMID: 38697968 PMCID: PMC11066093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Whereas the conventional anti-dihalogenation of alkenes is a valuable synthetic tool with highly predictable stereospecificity, the restricted reaction mechanism makes it challenging to alter the diastereochemical course into the complementary syn-dihalogenation process. Only a few notable achievements were made recently by inverting one of the stereocenters after anti-addition using a carefully designed reagent system. Here, we report a conceptually distinctive strategy for the simultaneous double electrophilic activation of the two alkene carbons from the same side. Then, the resulting vicinal leaving groups can be displaced iteratively by nucleophilic halides to complete the syn-dihalogenation. For this purpose, thianthrenium dication is employed, and all possible combinations of chlorine and bromine are added onto internal alkenes successfully, particularly resulting in the syn-dibromination and the regiodivergent syn-bromochlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungi Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Jin Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Kim MJ, Targos K, Holst DE, Wang DJ, Wickens ZK. Alkene Thianthrenation Unlocks Diverse Cation Synthons: Recent Progress and New Opportunities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314904. [PMID: 38329158 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative alkene functionalization reactions are a fundamental class of complexity-building organic transformations. However, the majority of established approaches rely on electrophilic reagents that limit the diversity of groups that can be installed. Recent advances have established a new approach that instead relies on the transformation of alkenes into thianthrene-derived cationic electrophiles. These linchpin intermediates can be generated selectively and undergo a diverse array of mechanistically distinct reactions with abundant nucleophiles. Taken together, this unlocks a suite of net oxidative alkene transformations that have been elusive using conventional strategies. This Minireview describes these advances and is organized around the three distinct synthons formally accessible from alkenes via thianthrenation: 1) alkenyl cations; 2) vicinal dications; 3) allyl cations. Throughout the Minireview, we illustrate how thianthrenium salts address key limitations endemic to classic alkene-derived electrophiles and highlight the mechanistic origins of these distinctions wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Karina Targos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dylan E Holst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Diana J Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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10
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Fan X, Zhang D, Xiu X, Xu B, Yuan Y, Chen F, Gao P. Nucleophilic functionalization of thianthrenium salts under basic conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:257-263. [PMID: 38352071 PMCID: PMC10862136 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, S-(alkyl)thianthrenium salts have become an important means of functionalizing alcohol compounds. However, additional transition metal catalysts and/or visible light are required. Herein, a direct thioetherification/amination reaction of thianthrenium salts is realized under metal-free conditions. This strategy exhibits good functional-group tolerance, operational simplicity, and an extensive range of compatible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Medicine Center, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liushi Road 257, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545006, China
| | - Xiangchuan Xiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Bin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Pan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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11
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Zhu J, Ye Y, Yan Y, Sun J, Huang Y. Highly Regioselective Dichalcogenation of Alkenyl Sulfonium Salts to Access 1,1-Dichalcogenalkenes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37418314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented geminal olefinic dichalcogenation of alkenyl sulfonium salts with dichalcogenides ArYYAr (Y = S, Se, Te) is reported, providing various trisubstituted 1,1-dichalcogenalkenes [Ar1CH = C(YAr2)2] in a highly selective manner under mild and catalyst-free conditions. The key process involves the formation of two geminal olefinic C-Y bonds via sequential C-Y cross-coupling and C-H chalcogenation. A mechanistic rationale is further supported by control experiments and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yun Ye
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yifei Yan
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yinhua Huang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
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