1
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Wearing ER, Yeh YC, Terrones GG, Parikh SG, Kevlishvili I, Kulik HJ, Schindler CS. Visible light-mediated aza Paternò-Büchi reaction of acyclic oximes and alkenes to azetidines. Science 2024; 384:1468-1476. [PMID: 38935726 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The aza Paternò-Büchi reaction is a [2+2]-cycloaddition reaction between imines and alkenes that produces azetidines, four-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Currently, successful examples rely primarily on either intramolecular variants or cyclic imine equivalents. To unlock the full synthetic potential of aza Paternò-Büchi reactions, it is essential to extend the reaction to acyclic imine equivalents. Here, we report that matching of the frontier molecular orbital energies of alkenes with those of acyclic oximes enables visible light-mediated aza Paternò-Büchi reactions through triplet energy transfer catalysis. The utility of this reaction is further showcased in the synthesis of epi-penaresidin B. Density functional theory computations reveal that a competition between the desired [2+2]-cycloaddition and alkene dimerization determines the success of the reaction. Frontier orbital energy matching between the reactive components lowers transition-state energy (ΔGǂ) values and ultimately promotes reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Wearing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gianmarco G Terrones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seren G Parikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Corinna S Schindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1 BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada
- BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1G1 BC, Canada
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2
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Urgel JI, Sánchez-Grande A, Vicent DJ, Jelínek P, Martín N, Écija D. On-Surface Covalent Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials by Harnessing Carbon gem-Polyhalides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402467. [PMID: 38864470 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The design of innovative carbon-based nanostructures stands at the forefront of both chemistry and materials science. In this context, π-conjugated compounds are of great interest due to their impact in a variety of fields, including optoelectronics, spintronics, energy storage, sensing and catalysis. Despite extensive research efforts, substantial knowledge gaps persist in the synthesis and characterization of new π-conjugated compounds with potential implications for science and technology. On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful discipline to overcome limitations associated with conventional solution chemistry methods, offering advanced tools to characterize the resulting nanomaterials. This review specifically highlights recent achievements in the utilization of molecular precursors incorporating carbon geminal (gem)-polyhalides as functional groups to guide the formation of π-conjugated 0D species, as well as 1D, quasi-1D π-conjugated polymers, and 2D nanoarchitectures. By delving into reaction pathways, novel structural designs, and the electronic, magnetic, and topological features of the resulting products, the review provides fundamental insights for a new generation of π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Praha, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Diego J Vicent
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Praha, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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3
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Zhang QB, Li F, Pan B, Yu L, Yue XG. Visible-Light-Mediated [2+2] Photocycloadditions of Alkynes. Chemistry 2024:e202401501. [PMID: 38806409 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Visible-light-mediated [2+2] photocycloaddition reaction can be considered an ideal solution due to its green and sustainable properties, and is one of the most efficient methods to synthesize four-membered ring motifs. Although research on the [2+2] photocycloaddition of alkynes is challenging because of the diminished reactivity of alkynes, and the more significant ring strain of the products, remarkable achievements have been made in this field. In this article, we highlight the recent advances in visible-light-mediated [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of alkynes, with focus on the reaction mechanism and the late-stage synthetic applications. Advances in obtaining cyclobutenes, azetines, and oxetene active intermediates continue to be breakthroughs in this fascinating field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bao Zhang
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Pan
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yu
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Guo Yue
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, CN, 262700, People's Republic of China
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4
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Dutta S, Lu YL, Erchinger JE, Shao H, Studer E, Schäfer F, Wang H, Rana D, Daniliuc CG, Houk KN, Glorius F. Double Strain-Release [2π+2σ]-Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5232-5241. [PMID: 38350439 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In pursuit of potent pharmaceutical candidates and to further improve their chemical traits, small ring systems can serve as a potential starting point. Small ring units have the additional merit of loaded strain at their core, making them suitable reactants as they can capitalize on this intrinsic driving force. With the introduction of cyclobutenone as a strained precursor to ketene, the photocycloaddition with another strained unit, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB), enables the reactivity of both π-units in the transient ketene. This double strain-release driven [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition promotes the synthesis of diverse heterobicyclo[2.1.1]hexane units, a pharmaceutically relevant bioisostere. The effective reactivity under catalyst-free conditions with a high functional group tolerance defines its synthetic utility. Experimental mechanistic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition takes place via a triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yi-Lin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huiling Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Emanuel Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Schäfer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huamin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debanjan Rana
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Kim Y, Han JW, Kim SG. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Polycyclic Benzosultams from 2-Amino-β-nitrostyrenes with Cyclic N-Sulfonyl Ketimines. Org Lett 2024; 26:1472-1477. [PMID: 38349156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
A highly efficient enantioselective [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 2-amino-β-nitrostyrenes with cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimines has been developed. This reaction utilizes an organocatalytic approach, employing a multiple-hydrogen-bonding bifunctional squaramide-based catalyst. The process allows for the precise synthesis of chiral polycyclic benzosultams, showcasing intricate structures that incorporate chiral quaternary centers. Noteworthy outcomes of this method include high yields with excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities (up to 97% yield, 96% ee, and >20:1 dr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseop Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
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6
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Huang J, Zhou TP, Sun N, Yu H, Yu X, Liao RZ, Yao W, Dai Z, Wu G, Zhong F. Accessing ladder-shape azetidine-fused indoline pentacycles through intermolecular regiodivergent aza-Paternò-Büchi reactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1431. [PMID: 38365864 PMCID: PMC10873392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Small molecules with conformationally rigid, three-dimensional geometry are highly desirable in drug development, toward which a direct, simple-to-complexity synthetic logic is still of considerable challenges. Here, we report intermolecular aza-[2 + 2] photocycloaddition (the aza-Paternò-Büchi reaction) of indole that facilely assembles planar building blocks into ladder-shape azetidine-fused indoline pentacycles with contiguous quaternary carbons, divergent head-to-head/head-to-tail regioselectivity, and absolute exo stereoselectivity. These products exhibit marked three-dimensionality, many of which possess 3D score values distributed in the highest 0.5% region with reference to structures from DrugBank database. Mechanistic studies elucidated the origin of the observed regio- and stereoselectivities, which arise from distortion-controlled C-N coupling scenarios. This study expands the synthetic repertoire of energy transfer catalysis for accessing structurally intriguing architectures with high molecular complexity and underexplored topological chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Huang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tai-Ping Zhou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ningning Sun
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huaibin Yu
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xixiang Yu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Weijun Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhifeng Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Longgang Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Wenzhou, 325802, China
| | - Guojiao Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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7
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Siddiqi Z, Bingham TW, Shimakawa T, Hesp KD, Shavnya A, Sarlah D. Oxidative Dearomatization of Pyridines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2358-2363. [PMID: 38230893 PMCID: PMC11006438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization of pyridines is a well-established synthetic approach to access piperidines. Although remarkably powerful, existing dearomatization processes have been limited to the hydrogenation or addition of carbon-based nucleophiles to activated pyridiniums. Here, we show that arenophile-mediated dearomatizations can be applied to pyridines to directly introduce heteroatom functionalities without prior substrate activation. The arenophile platform in combination with olefin oxidation chemistry provides access to dihydropyridine cis-diols and epoxides. These previously elusive compounds are now readily accessible and can be used for the downstream preparation of diversely functionalized piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Siddiqi
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tanner W. Bingham
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tsukasa Shimakawa
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kevin D. Hesp
- Treeline Biosciences, 500 Arsenal St, second Floor, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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8
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Dutta S, Lee D, Ozols K, Daniliuc CG, Shintani R, Glorius F. Photoredox-Enabled Dearomative [2π + 2σ] Cycloaddition of Phenols. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2789-2797. [PMID: 38236061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative photocycloaddition of monocyclic arenes is an appealing strategy for comprehending the concept of "escape from flatland". This brings the replacement of readily available planar aromatic hydrocarbon units with a 3D fused bicyclic core with sp3-enriched carbon units. Herein, we outline an intermolecular approach for the dearomative photocycloaddition of phenols. In order to circumvent the ground-state aromaticity and to construct conformationally restrained building blocks, bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes were chosen as coupling partners. This dearomative approach renders straightforward access to a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane unit fused to a cyclic enone moiety, which further contributed as a synthetic linchpin for postmodifications. Mechanistic experiment advocates for a plausible onset from both the reactants, depending on the redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Donghyeon Lee
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kristers Ozols
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryo Shintani
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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9
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Liu Y, Brown MK. Photosensitized [2 + 2]-Cycloadditions of Dioxaborole: Reactivity Enabled by Boron Ring Constraint Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25061-25067. [PMID: 37939224 PMCID: PMC11041673 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A strategy to achieve photosensitized [2 + 2] cycloadditions by means of temporary ring constraint is reported. Specifically, a dioxaborole is prepared that undergoes [2 + 2] cycloadditions with a wide variety of alkenes. This strategy overcomes some challenges with the cycloaddition of acyclic substrates. The products can be easily transformed into cyclobutyl diols or 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds; the latter represents a formal alkene vicinal diacylation. The synthetic utility of this method is shown in the synthesis of valuable heterocycles and biatriosporin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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