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Xiong J, Li Q, Tan X, Guo X, Li K, Luo Q, Chen Y, Tong X, Na B, Zhong M. Confinement of ZIF-67-derived N, Co-doped C@Si on a 2D MXene for enhanced lithium storage. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11232-11236. [PMID: 38915258 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
A heterostructure composed of ZIF-67-derived nitrogen and cobalt-doped carbon enfolded silicon (C@Si) nanoparticles anchored on 2D MXene layers was constructed for boosting the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The heterostructure anode demonstrated a high initial discharge capacity of 3021 mA h g-1 at 0.2 A g-1, retaining outstanding cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 520 mA h g-1 at 2000 mA g-1, and the coulombic efficiency remained above 97% after 500 cycles. The introduced Ti3C2 nanosheets and the cobalt-doped carbon can not only contribute to the interfacial transfer of Li+ and electrons but also buffer the volume expansion of Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xiaojuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China.
| | - Kaihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Qiaolin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xiaolan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Bing Na
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China.
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2
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Zhai Y, Zhong Z, Kuang N, Li Q, Xu T, He J, Li H, Yin X, Jia Y, He Q, Wu S, Yang QH. Both Resilience and Adhesivity Define Solid Electrolyte Interphases for a High Performance Anode. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15209-15218. [PMID: 38775661 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) are sought to protect high-capacity anodes, which suffer from severe volume changes and fast degradations. The previously proposed effective SEIs were of high strength yet abhesive, inducing a yolk-shell structure to decouple the rigid SEI from the anode for accommodating the volume change. Ambivalently, the interfacial void-evolved electro-chemo-mechanical vulnerabilities become inherent defects. Here, we establish a new rationale for SEIs that resilience and adhesivity are both requirements and pioneer a design of a resilient yet adhesive SEI (re-ad-SEI), integrated into a conjugated surface bilayer structure. The re-ad-SEI and its protected particles exhibit excellent stability almost free from the thickening of SEI and the particle pulverization during cycling. More promisingly, the dynamically bonded intact SEI-anode interfaces enable a high-efficiency ion transport and provide a unique mechanical confinement effect for structural integrity of anodes. The high Coulombic efficiency (>99.8%), excellent cycling stability (500 cycles), and superior rate performance have been demonstrated in microsized Si-based anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhai
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Zitong Zhong
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Nannan Kuang
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Tianze Xu
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Zettawatt Energy (Changzhou) Technology Co., Ltd, Liyang 213314, China
| | - Jiaxing He
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Zettawatt Energy (Changzhou) Technology Co., Ltd, Liyang 213314, China
| | - Haimei Li
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xunjie Yin
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yiran Jia
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qing He
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shichao Wu
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Quan-Hong Yang
- Nanoyang Group, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon and Electrochemical Energy Storage, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Industry-Education Integration Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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3
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Xu DX, Zhao YM, Chen HX, Lu ZY, Tian YF, Xin S, Li G, Guo YG. Reduced Volume Expansion of Micron-Sized SiO x via Closed-Nanopore Structure Constructed by Mg-Induced Elemental Segregation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401973. [PMID: 38520059 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The inherently huge volume expansion during Li uptake has hindered the use of Si-based anodes in high-energy lithium-ion batteries. While some pore-forming and nano-architecting strategies show promises to effectively buffer the volume change, other parameters essential for practical electrode fabrication, such as compaction density, are often compromised. Here we propose a new in situ Mg doping strategy to form closed-nanopore structure into a micron-sized SiOx particle at a high bulk density. The doped Mg atoms promote the segregation of O, so that high-density magnesium silicates form to generate closed nanopores. By altering the mass content of Mg dopant, the average radii (ranged from 5.4 to 9.7 nm) and porosities (ranged from 1.4 % to 15.9 %) of the closed pores are precisely adjustable, which accounts for volume expansion of SiOx from 77.8 % to 22.2 % at the minimum. Benefited from the small volume variation, the Mg-doped micron-SiOx anode demonstrates improved Li storage performance towards realization of a 700-(dis)charge-cycle, 11-Ah-pouch-type cell at a capacity retention of >80 %. This work offers insights into reasonable design of the internal structure of micron-sized SiOx and other materials that undergo conversion or alloying reactions with drastic volume change, to enable high-energy batteries with stable electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Xin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Zhao
- Beijing iAmetal New Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Han-Xian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo-Ya Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fan Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sen Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ge Li
- Beijing iAmetal New Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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4
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Ding J, Sun J, Li J, Chen C, Jiang X, Wang Z, Zhu X, Mo Z, Chen S, Ban B, Chen J. Facile Synthesis of 2D SiO x-3D Si Hybrid Anode Materials by Ca Modification Effect for Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309346. [PMID: 38072793 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Al-Si dealloying method is widely used to prepare Si anode for alleviating the issues caused by a drastic volume change of Si-based anode. However, this method suffers from the problems of low Si powder yield (<20 wt.% Si) and complicated cooling equipment due to the hindrance of large-size primary Si particles. Here, a new modification strategy to convert primary Si to 2D SiOx nanosheets by introducing a Ca modifier into Al-Si alloy melt is presented. The thermodynamics calculation shows that the primary Si is preferentially converted to CaAl2Si2 intermetallic compound in Al-Si-Ca alloy system. After the dealloying process, the CaAl2Si2 is further converted to 2D SiOx nanosheets, and eutectic Si is converted to 3D Si, thus obtaining the 2D SiOx-3D Si hybrid Si-based materials (HSiBM). Benefiting from the modification effect, the HSiBM anode shows a significantly improved electrochemical performance, which delivers a capacity retention of over 90% after 100 cycles and keeps 98.94% capacity after the rate test. This work exhibits an innovative approach to produce stable Si-based anode through Al-Si dealloying method with a high Si yield and without complicated rapid cooling techniques, which has a certain significance for the scalable production of Si-based anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxuan Ding
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jifei Sun
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhangchao Mo
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuanghong Chen
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Boyuan Ban
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Lab of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230031, China
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5
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Chen Y, Zhu Y, Zuo W, Kuai X, Yao J, Zhang B, Sun Z, Yin J, Wu X, Zhang H, Yan Y, Huang H, Zheng L, Xu J, Yin W, Qiu Y, Zhang Q, Hwang I, Sun CJ, Amine K, Xu GL, Qiao Y, Sun SG. Implanting Transition Metal into Li 2 O-Based Cathode Prelithiation Agent for High-Energy-Density and Long-Life Li-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202316112. [PMID: 38088222 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Compensating the irreversible loss of limited active lithium (Li) is essentially important for improving the energy-density and cycle-life of practical Li-ion battery full-cell, especially after employing high-capacity but low initial coulombic efficiency anode candidates. Introducing prelithiation agent can provide additional Li source for such compensation. Herein, we precisely implant trace Co (extracted from transition metal oxide) into the Li site of Li2 O, obtaining (Li0.66 Co0.11 □0.23 )2 O (CLO) cathode prelithiation agent. The synergistic formation of Li vacancies and Co-derived catalysis efficiently enhance the inherent conductivity and weaken the Li-O interaction of Li2 O, which facilitates its anionic oxidation to peroxo/superoxo species and gaseous O2 , achieving 1642.7 mAh/g~Li2O prelithiation capacity (≈980 mAh/g for prelithiation agent). Coupled 6.5 wt % CLO-based prelithiation agent with LiCoO2 cathode, substantial additional Li source stored within CLO is efficiently released to compensate the Li consumption on the SiO/C anode, achieving 270 Wh/kg pouch-type full-cell with 92 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Zuo
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory), Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Junyi Yao
- Department of Chemistr, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Baodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhefei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Haitang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Juping Xu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Yongfu Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Qiaobao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Inhui Hwang
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Cheng-Jun Sun
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Gui-Liang Xu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory), Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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