1
|
Moazeni-Pourasil RS, Piri F, Ghassempour A, Jalali-Heravi M. The use of multivariate curve resolution methods to improve the analysis of muramic acid as bacterial marker using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: An alternative method to gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 949-950:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
2
|
Investigation of the molecular ion structure for aldononitrile acetate derivatized muramic acid. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Elmroth I, Fox A, Holst O, Larsson L. Detection of bacterial contamination in cultures of eucaryotic cells by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 42:421-9. [PMID: 18613045 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for early detection of bacterial contaminations in cultures of baker's yeast, Penicillium chrysogenum, and an animal cell line was evaluated; muramic acid and characteristic cellular fatty acids were used as analytes. By analyzing branched-chain and cyclopropane-substituted fatty acids as methyl esters, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas fluorescens were detected in a 500-fold excess (w/w) of baker's yeast; the amounts injected corresponded to 300 ng (dry mass) of the bacteria. Contamination with Bacillus was detected in cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum and animal cells by analyzing muramic acid, both as its alditol acetate derivative, using electron impact ionization, and its trifluoroacetyl methyl glycoside derivative, using negative ion-chemical ionization. The trifluoroacetylated derivative was detected in injected amounts corresponding to 1 x 10(3) bacterial cells in the contaminated animal cell line, whereas amounts corresponding to 1 x 10(5) bacteria were required for detection of the alditol acetate derivative; the amounts in the original samples were 5 x 10(5) and 5 x 10(6), respectively. However, the alditol acetate method exhibited lower chemical interferences than the trifluoroacetyl methyl glycoside procedure. The results show the potential of using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of cellular constituents for the detection of bacterial contaminations in eucaryotic cultures as an alternative to conventional microbiological methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Elmroth
- Department of Technical Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Center, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ghosh G, Bachas LG, Anderson KW. Biosensor incorporating cell barrier architectures for detecting Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:567-74. [PMID: 17119934 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpha toxin is a common virulent factor of Staphylococcus aureus and is believed to play crucial roles in pathogenicity induced by S. aureus. Alpha toxin is also known to induce permeability to endothelial cell monolayers in vitro due to the formation of interendothelial gaps. The present study is directed towards measuring alpha toxin using a whole-cell-based biosensor. The biosensor, consisting of a confluent monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on a potassium ion-selective electrode, takes advantage of cell permeability dysfunction to detect the presence of small quantities of alpha toxin. When a confluent monolayer of cells was formed on the membrane surface, the response of the electrode toward the marker ion, potassium, was inhibited. Upon exposing this sensor to varying concentrations of alpha toxin for 20 min, an increase in sensor response to potassium was observed. The response thus obtained was indirectly related to the concentration of alpha toxin. The detection limit of this sensor for alpha toxin was found to be 0.1 ng/ml. Cell monolayers were stained with silver nitrate to quantify the formation of intercellular gaps as well as to study the effect of this toxin on HUVECs morphology. A strong positive correlation was observed between the response obtained from the biosensor and the area of the intercellular gaps. Silver staining also revealed the tendency of cells to round up upon being exposed to alpha toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Pacheco-Tena C, Inman RD. Microbe hunting in the joints. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 49:479-82. [PMID: 12910552 DOI: 10.1002/art.11186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Chen T, Rimpiläinen M, Luukkainen R, Möttönen T, Yli-Jama T, Jalava J, Vainio O, Toivanen P. Bacterial components in the synovial tissue of patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis: analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pan-bacterial polymerase chain reaction. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 49:328-34. [PMID: 12794787 DOI: 10.1002/art.11119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the presence of bacterial components in the synovial tissue (ST) of patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS ST was collected during joint surgery from 41 RA patients. Tissue from 39 patients with osteoarthritis (OA), 4 patients with undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis (UA), and 3 cases of accidental deaths served as controls. The pan-bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers for the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 16S rRNA genes was used to detect bacterial DNA. In addition, synovial fluid (SF) samples from patients with chlamydial reactive arthritis (ReA) were also examined by the same method. The positive controls, bacterial DNA or ST spiked with different living bacteria, were analyzed alongside clinical samples. Most of the ST samples were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for determining the presence of bacteria-derived muramic acid. Strict precautions were followed in the clinics and the laboratory to prevent contamination. RESULTS In GC-MS analysis, muramic acid was observed in the ST from 4 of 35 RA patients and from 2 of 14 OA patients, but not in ST from 2 patients with UA and 3 cadavers. Bacterial DNA was not detected by either one of the PCR primers used in ST from 42 patients with RA and 39 patients with OA. However, 5 of 15 SF samples from ReA patients were PCR positive. The sensitivity of GC-MS to detect muramic acid was 2 pg/injected amount (227 pg muramic acid/mg ST), and that of the pan-bacterial PCR was 2-20 bacteria colony forming units/reaction. CONCLUSION These results indicate that a bacterial component, muramic acid, is detectable by GC-MS in ST from a few patients with advanced RA or OA. However, no bacterial DNA was detectable by PCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University, Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harley WM, Kozar MP, Fox A. Trace analysis of muramic acid in indoor air using an automated derivatization instrument and GC-MS(2) or GC-MS(3). J Microbiol Methods 2002; 51:95-104. [PMID: 12069894 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(02)00064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An automated derivatization instrument has been developed for the preparation of alditol acetates from bacterial hydrolysates for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The current report demonstrates the utility of the automated instrument for the more demanding task of trace analysis of muramic acid (Mur) in airborne dust using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS(2)). Conditions for efficient derivatization of Mur, vital for trace analysis, are rigorous including lactam and imido group formation under anhydrous conditions. Furthermore, as the detection limit is lowered, possible contamination or carry-over of samples becomes an increasingly greater consideration and must not occur. The instrument meets these criteria and was successfully used for assaying the levels of Mur in laboratory air, which were found to be much lower than in the previous studies of heavily occupied schools and agricultural environments. The potential for GC-MS(3) in further lowering the detection limit was also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M Harley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kozar MP, Fox A. Analysis of a stable halogenated derivative of muramic acid by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 946:229-38. [PMID: 11873972 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muramic acid (Mur) is present in the cell wall of Eubacteria and serves as a chemical marker for the trace detection of bacteria and bacterial cell wall debris in complex matrices. There have been numerous studies using a variety of derivatives of Mur, particularly in combination with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) where the detection limit has been steadily lowered. A stable, halogenated derivative, the pentafluorobenzyl oxime (PFBO) acetate of Mur, has been developed by others and successfully used for GC with electron-capture detection. The current report is the first use of this derivative for GC-MS-MS analysis of Mur, or indeed any other carbohydrate, using negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) with GC-MS-MS. Mur was readily detected in settled surface dust (166 ng/mg), as well as dust collected from indoor air (1.4-5.9 ng/mg). Analyses of Mur as a PFBO acetate by GC-NICI-MS-MS or as alditol acetates by electron impact GC-electron impact ionization MS-MS serve as complementary approaches for trace detection in complex matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Kozar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia 29208, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kozar MP, Laman JD, Fox A. Muramic acid is not generally present in the human spleen as determined by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Infect Immun 2002; 70:741-8. [PMID: 11796607 PMCID: PMC127729 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.2.741-748.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that bacterial debris may accumulate in tissues of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) serving as an inflammatory stimulus for human disease. In support of this hypothesis, muramic acid (Mur), a component of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), has previously been reported to be present in culture-negative human spleen. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed in these analyses, and a peak was detected at the retention time of Mur. However, HPLC is best used as a screening technique, and it is vital that these tentative observations be reexamined by the state-of-the-art approach (gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [GC-MS(2)]). Indeed, in the present work using GC-MS(2), Mur was not detected in six out of seven human spleens previously examined by HPLC. However, Mur was categorically detected at minute concentrations, 50 ppb, in one spleen. In conclusion, since Mur is not generally found in culture-negative human spleen, in future studies, these tissues can serve as negative controls. The study of Mur levels in inflammation (e.g., reactive arthritis) could prove important in testing the hypothesis that bacterial debris persisting in tissues could serve as a depot inciting diseases of unknown etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Kozar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fox A. Chapter 23 A current perspective on analysis of sugar monomers using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
|
12
|
Kozar MP, Krahmer MT, Fox A, Gray BM. Failure To detect muramic acid in normal rat tissues but detection in cerebrospinal fluids from patients with Pneumococcal meningitis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:4688-98. [PMID: 10899874 PMCID: PMC98412 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.8.4688-4698.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muramic acid serves as a marker for the presence of bacterial cell wall debris in mammalian tissues. There have been a number of controversial and sometimes conflicting results on assessing the levels of muramic acid in health and disease. The present report is the first to use the state-of-the art technique, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, to identify and quantify the levels of muramic acid in tissues. Muramic acid was not found in normal rat brain or spleen. However, when tissues were spiked with muramic acid, it was readily identified. The detection limit was <1 ng of muramic acid/100 mg (wet weight) of tissue. The levels of muramic acid reported in diseased human spleen and spleen of arthritic rats, previously injected with bacterial cell walls, were 100- to 1,000-fold higher. In the present study, muramic acid was also readily detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with pneumococcal meningitis (6.8 to 3,900 ng of muramic acid/ml of cerebrospinal fluid). In summary, there can be an enormous difference in the levels of muramic acid found in different mammalian tissues and body fluids in health and disease. This report could have great impact in future studies assessing the role of bacterial cell wall remnants in the pathogenesis of certain human inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Kozar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Study of sugar acids separation by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection using alkaline eluents spiked with Ba2+, Sr2+, or Ca2+ as acetate or nitrate salts. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Jeng GW, Wang CR, Liu ST, Su CC, Tsai RT, Yeh TS, Wen CL, Wu YQ, Lin CY, Lee GL, Chen MY, Liu MF, Chuang CY, Chen CY. Measurement of synovial tumor necrosis factor-alpha in diagnosing emergency patients with bacterial arthritis. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15:626-9. [PMID: 9375540 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-6757(97)90173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the high morbidity and mortality in patients with bacterial arthritis, rapidly and correctly diagnosing this critical condition is a challenge to emergency clinicians. Synovial fluid samples were obtained from 75 patients with arthritis disorders who presented to an emergency service, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. Twenty patients with culture-proven bacterial arthritis had higher levels of synovial TNF-alpha than patients with osteoarthritis or with inflammatory arthritis, including gouty arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, and lupus arthritis. There was a good sensitivity for synovial TNF-alpha level in diagnosing patients with bacterial arthritis. Nearly 100% of patients with bacterial arthritis had elevated synovial TNF-alpha levels. However, synovial IL-1 beta and IL-6 levels failed to discriminate bacterial arthritis from other inflammatory arthritis. Measurement of synovial TNF-alpha level may be useful as a diagnostic aid in emergency patients with bacterial arthritis disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G W Jeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Larsson L, Saraf A. Use of gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry for the detection and characterization of microorganisms in complex samples. Mol Biotechnol 1997; 7:279-87. [PMID: 9219241 DOI: 10.1007/bf02740818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be applied to detect and characterize microorganisms in clinical and environmental samples, and microbial contaminants in biotechnological production cultures. With this approach, unique microbial monomeric compounds, known as chemical markers, are used as analytes. In the present article, two GC-MS-based techniques, viz. GC-ion trap tandem MS (GC-MS-MS) and conventional quadrupole GC-MS used in the selected ion monitoring mode, were compared regarding their ability to detect 3-hydroxy fatty acids, muramic acid, and ergosterol (markers for endotoxin, peptidoglycan, and fungal biomass, respectively) in complex matrices. When using GC-MS-MS, daughter ion spectra were obtained for all markers present in amounts close to the detection limit of the GC-MS. Ion-trap GC-MS-MS shows great promise as a chemical marker analysis technique for application in clinical diagnosis, occupational and public health care, and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Larsson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fox A, Fox K, Christensson B, Harrelson D, Krahmer M. Absolute identification of muramic acid, at trace levels, in human septic synovial fluids in vivo and absence in aseptic fluids. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3911-5. [PMID: 8751949 PMCID: PMC174313 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.9.3911-3915.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first report of a study employing the state-of-the-art technique of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for absolute identification of muramic acid (a marker for peptidoglycan) at trace levels in a human or animal body fluid or tissue. Daughter mass spectra of synovial fluid muramic acid peaks (> or = 30 ng/ml) were identical to those of pure muramic acid. Absolute chemical identification at this level represents a 1,000-fold increase in sensitivity over previous gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identifications. Muramic acid was positively identified in synovial fluids during infection and was eliminated over time but was absent from aseptic fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fox A, Wright L, Fox K. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for trace detection of muramic acid, a peptidoglycan chemical marker, in organic dust. J Microbiol Methods 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(94)00060-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Larsson L. Determination of microbial chemical markers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry--potential for diagnosis and studies on metabolism in situ. Review article. APMIS 1994; 102:161-9. [PMID: 8185883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1994.tb04861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Different strategies for the application of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in medical microbiology research are discussed. GC can be used to determine specific microbial monomeric constituents and metabolites, so-called chemical markers, in cultures of microorganisms; in particular, analysis of cellular fatty acids has proven useful for species characterization and identification. GC-MS can be applied to study chemical markers directly in complex environmental samples, as exemplified by the analysis of airborne organic material as regards muramic acid (marker of peptidoglycan), 3-hydroxy acids (endotoxins), and ergosterol (fungal biomass). This methodological approach represents an alternative to various biological assays for characterization of airborne microbial structures, and forms a firm basis for correlating inhalation of such structures and development of symptoms. Direct GC-MS analysis of clinical samples provides possibilities for diagnosis (here exemplified by chiral separation of urine D- and L-arabinitol in disseminated candidiasis) and insight into microbial metabolism in the infected host (exemplified by observed indications of mycobacterial build-up of mycolic acids in vivo), with implications for drug development. Continued developments in MS technology will allow rapid advances to be made in GC-MS research in microbiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Larsson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Söderquist B, Colque-Navarro P, Blomqvist L, Olcén P, Holmberg H, Möllby R. Staphylococcal α-toxin in septicaemic patients; detection in serum, antibody response and production in isolated strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(93)90029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Söderquist B, Colque-Navarro P, Blomqvist L, Olcén P, Holmberg H, Möllby R. Enzyme immunoassay for detection of α-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(93)90020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
21
|
High-performance liquid chromatographic quantitation of phenylthiocarbamyl muramic acid and glucosamine from bacterial cell walls. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
22
|
Elmroth I, Fox A, Larsson L. Determination of bacterial muramic acid by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry with negative-ion detection. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
23
|
Elmroth I, Larsson L, Westerdahl G, Odham G. Determination of muramic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography-plasma spray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Rapid elimination of a synthetic adjuvant peptide from the circulation after systemic administration and absence of detectable natural muramyl peptides in normal serum at current analytical limits. Infect Immun 1991; 59:1202-5. [PMID: 1997424 PMCID: PMC258391 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.3.1202-1205.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is clear that muramyl peptides are involved in sleep associated with bacterial infection, their role in normal physiological sleep is less certain. It has been speculated that "natural" muramyl peptides, derived from degraded gut flora, may pass into the bloodstream, where they play a role in normal sleep (M. Karnovsky, Fed. Proc. 45:2556-2560, 1986). Muramic acid serves as a chemical marker for muramyl peptides, since it is not synthesized by mammals. After injection of synthetic muramyl dipeptide in rabbits, muramic acid was readily detected (after release by acid hydrolysis) in the circulation; however, levels rapidly decreased. This was an important positive control in assessing circulating levels of natural muramyl peptides. Muramic acid was not found in normal serum (detection limit, approximately 500 pmol/ml), demonstrating the absence of appreciable amounts of circulating natural muramyl peptides. At this time we are unable to provide supportive evidence for Karnovsky's hypothesis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Several distinct rheumatic conditions (including Lyme arthritis, Reiter's syndrome and rheumatic fever) as well as certain forms of the blinding disease, uveitis, may share a common etiology. In each instance specific bacterial pathogens may infect a distant site, which on interaction with the immune system, leads to a sterile inflammation in the joint or eye. These "reactive" conditions may result, in some cases, from prior localization of non-viable bacterial remnants (including the cell wall or peptidoglycan) or alternatively "dormant" fastidious bacteria in the affected joint or eye where they act as persisting antigens. Classical culture techniques, would not detect the presence of these putative microbial antigens. Alternative approaches for detection of ubiquitous components of bacteria in the host (using appropriate chemical, molecular and immunological techniques) are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia 29208
| |
Collapse
|