1
|
Rossi M, Caruso F, Thieke N, Belli S, Kim A, Damiani E, Morresi C, Bacchetti T. Examining the Antioxidant and Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity of Anise, ( Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds), Esculetin, and 4-Methyl-Esculetin Using X-ray Diffraction, Hydrodynamic Voltammetry and DFT Methods. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:67. [PMID: 38256900 PMCID: PMC10818671 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pimpinella anisum L., or anise, is a plant that, besides its nutritional value, has been used in traditional medical practices and described in many cultures in the Mediterranean region. A possible reason for anise's therapeutic value is that it contains coumarins, which are known to have many biomedical and antioxidant properties. HPLC analysis in our laboratory of the anise extract shows the presence of the coumarin esculetin. We used a hydrodynamic voltammetry rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) method to measure the superoxide scavenging abilities of anise seeds and esculetin, which has marked scavenging activity. A related coumarin, 4-methyl-esculetin, also showed strong antioxidant activity as measured by RRDE. Moreover, this study includes the X-ray crystal structure of esculetin and 4-methyl-esculetin, which reveal the H-bond and the stacking intermolecular interactions of the two coumarins. Coordinates of esculetin crystal structure were used to perform a DFT study to arrive at the mechanism of superoxide scavenging. Besides performing a H(hydroxyl) abstraction in esculetin position 6 by superoxide, the scavenging also includes the presence of a second superoxide radical in a π-π approach. Both rings of esculetin were explored for this attack, but only the pyrone ring was effective. As a result, one product of esculetin scavenging is H2O2 formation, while the second superoxide remains π-π trapped within the pyrone ring to form an esculetin-η-O2 complex. Comparison with other coumarins shows that subtle structural differences in the coumarin framework can imply marked differences in scavenging. For instance, when the catechol moiety of esculetin (position 6,7) is shifted to position 7,8 in 4-methyl-7,8-dihydroxy coumarin, that coumarin shows a superoxide dismutase action, which, beside H2O2 formation, includes the formation and elimination of a molecule of O2. This is in contrast with the products formed through esculetin superoxide scavenging, where a second added superoxide remains trapped, and forms an esculetin-η-O2 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA; (F.C.); (N.T.)
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA; (F.C.); (N.T.)
| | - Natalie Thieke
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA; (F.C.); (N.T.)
| | - Stuart Belli
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA; (F.C.); (N.T.)
| | - Alana Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA; (F.C.); (N.T.)
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.D.); (T.B.)
| | - Camilla Morresi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.D.); (T.B.)
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.D.); (T.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dkhar L, Verma AK, Banothu V, Kaminsky W, Kollipara MR. Ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium complexes featuring coumarin hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, and preliminary investigation of their anticancer and antibacterial activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln Dkhar
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North‐Eastern Hill University Shillong India
| | - Akalesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory Cotton University Guwahati Assam India
| | - Venkanna Banothu
- Centre for Biotechnology (CBT), Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) Hyderabad Telangana State India
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Mohan Rao Kollipara
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North‐Eastern Hill University Shillong India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biancalana L, Pampaloni G, Zacchini S, Marchetti F. Synthesis, characterization and behavior in water/DMSO solution of Ru(II) arene complexes with bioactive carboxylates. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|