Cu(II) immobilized on guanidinated epibromohydrin‐functionalized γ‐Fe2O3@TiO2(γ‐Fe2O3@TiO2‐EG‐Cu(II)): A highly efficient magnetically separable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of highly substituted imidazoles

Imidazoles as Serotonin Receptor Modulators for Treatment of Depression: Structural Insights and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies

Serotoninergic signaling is identified as a crucial player in psychiatric disorders (notably depression), presenting it as a significant therapeutic target for treating such conditions. Inhibitors of serotoninergic signaling (especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)) are prominently selected as first-line therapy for the treatment of depression, which benefits via increasing low serotonin levels and norepinephrine by blocking serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake and thereby increasing activity. While developing newer heterocyclic scaffolds to target/modulate the serotonergic systems, imidazole-bearing pharmacophores have emerged. The imidazole-derived pharmacophore already demonstrated unique structural characteristics and an electron-rich environment, ultimately resulting in a diverse range of bioactivities. Therefore, the current manuscript discloses such a specific modification and structural activity relationship (SAR) of attempted derivatization in terms of the serotonergic efficacy of the resultant inhibitor. We also featured a landscape of imidazole-based development, focusing on SAR studies against the serotoninergic system to target depression. This study covers the recent advancements in synthetic methodologies for imidazole derivatives and the development of new molecules having antidepressant activity via modulating serotonergic systems, along with their SAR studies. The focus of the study is to provide structural insights into imidazole-based derivatives as serotonergic system modulators for the treatment of depression.

Preparation of polysubstituted imidazoles using AC-SO3H/[Urea]7[ZnCl2]2 as an efficient catalyst system: a novel method, and α-glucosidase inhibitor activity

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) act as both an organic solvent and a useful catalyst for organic synthesis reactions, especially the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds containing the element nitrogen. DESs exhibit many important properties namely large liquid fields, biodegradability, outstanding thermal stability, and moderate vapor pressure. Amorphous carbon-bearing sulfonic acid groups (AC-SO₃H) are one of the new-generation solid acids showing strong acid activity. Based on the simultaneous presence of acidic functional groups such as carboxylic acid, phenolic, and sulfonic acid groups, they exhibit many important activities namely strong Brønsted acid, high surface area, high stability, reusability, and recyclability. In this study, AC-SO₃H was made from rice husk via the carbonization and sulfonation processes, and the surface properties and structure were examined using contemporary methods such as FT-IR, P-XRD, TGA, SEM, and EDS. And, [Urea]₇[ZnCl₂]₂ was synthesized from urea and ZnCl₂ with a mole ratio of 7 : 2; the structure is defined using FT-IR and TGA. By combining AC-SO₃H and [Urea]₇[ZnCl₂]₂ we aim to form an effective catalyst/solvent system for the preparation of polysubstituted imidazole derivatives through the multi-component cyclization reaction from nitrobenzenes, benzil, aldehydes, and ammonium acetate. The major products are obtained with high isolation yields above 60%. To assess the catalyst system's activity, the recovery and reusability of the AC-SO₃H/[Urea]₇[ZnCl₂]₂ system were examined with hardly any performance modification. In an effort to create potential enzyme α-glucosidase inhibitors, several novel polysubstituted imidazoles were created. Five of these compounds showed good enzyme α-glucosidase inhibitor activity. The most effective substances were IMI-13, IMI-15, and IMI-20, with IC₅₀ values that were greater than the acarbose at 16.5, 15.8, and 11.6 μM, respectively - the acarbose (IC₅₀, 214.5 μM) as the positive control.

Green synthesis and characterization of novel 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with eco-friendly red brick clay as efficacious catalyst

Use of cheaper and recyclable materials contributes positively to economic growth with environmental sustainability. We report the prospect of utilizing red brick clay as catalyst, which exhibited excellent activity in rapid one-pot four-component condensation of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles with high conversion and yields (91-96%) in aqueous medium at 60 °C in short reaction times (25-40 min). The red brick clay material was fully characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX and BET analyses. Red brick clay consisted of oxides of Si (20.38%), Fe (19.55%), Al (14.30%) and minor amounts of Ca (3.60%) and Mg (1.68%). The slate-like-shaped structure morphology and flaky appearance of inexpensive solid clay material proved competent material for the synthesis of 15 novel 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives. In addition, the advantages of the eco-friendly method are non-toxicity and re-usability of the catalyst. Reaction offers 78% atom economy and 84% carbon capture.

An efficient and recyclable nanocatalyst for the green and rapid synthesis of biologically active polysubstituted pyrroles and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives

An effective process for the green and rapid synthesis of biologically active polysubstituted pyrroles and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles derivatives using Cu@imine/Fe₃O₄ MNPs catalyst under solvent-free conditions is explained. This catalyst showed high reactivity for the synthesis of a set of different derivatives of polysubstituted pyrroles and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives under appropriate reaction conditions and short times. Moreover, the catalyst was also recycled and reused for six runs with no considerable reduction in reactivity and yields. Compared to the reported procedures, this method consistently demonstrates the advantages of low catalyst loading, short reaction times, easy separation and purification of the products, high yields, and high recoverability and recoverability of the catalyst.

So the use of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–ZrCl₂-MNPs leads to an improved protocol in terms of the compatibility with the environment, yields of the products, reaction times and the amount of the catalyst when compared with other catalysts.

ZnII doped and immobilized on functionalized magnetic hydrotalcite (Fe3O4/HT-SMTU-ZnII): a novel, green and magnetically recyclable bifunctional nanocatalyst for the one-pot multi-component synthesis of acridinediones under solvent-free conditions

Herein, the catalytic activity of a novel synthesized Fe₃O₄/HT-SMTU-Zn^II nanocatalyst, in the green and efficient synthesis of acridinediones, is described.