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Sonkar C, Sarkar S, Malviya N, Kuznetsov ML, Mukhopadhyay S. Recognition and mechanistic investigation of anion sensing by ruthenium(II) arene complexes and bio-imaging application. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13071-13084. [PMID: 35972307 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four new ruthenium complexes [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L1)Cl] 1, [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L2)Cl] 2, [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L3)Cl] 3 and [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L4)Cl] 4 [HL1 = (2-cyanophenyl)glycine; HL2 = (5-chloro-2-cyanophenyl)glycine; HL3 = (2-cyano-3-fluorophenyl)glycine; HL4 = (4-cyanophenyl)glycine] were synthesized and well characterized by several spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Complexes 1 and 3 were found to be fluorescent in most of the solvents; however, 2 and 4 were found to be fluorescent mostly in EtOAc, DMF and ethanol. Amongst these four complexes, 3 has shown selective sensing against CO32- and SO42- anions by quenching of fluorescence. The LOD values are found to be in the sub-micromolar range. Investigations of the sensing mechanism performed by computation and NMR studies indicate a possible adduct formation between the NH group of the ligand and the anion(s) through hydrogen bond formation, which ultimately might lead to proton transfer to the bi-negative anion. The quantum yield of the complex 3 was found to decrease on addition of CO32- and SO42- anions from 0.46 to 0.13 and 0.12, respectively. The Job's plot indicates the binding between the probe and anion in a 1 : 1 ratio for both CO32- and SO42- anions. Along with that, all the complexes were found to be biocompatible when tested against several cell lines showing very high IC50 values. It can also be observed that 1 is capable of penetrating within the cells and can act as a cell imaging agent showing fluorescence, and thus can be used for bio-imaging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Sonkar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Novina Malviya
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Maxim L Kuznetsov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
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Pragti, Kundu BK, Upadhyay SN, Sinha N, Ganguly R, Grabchev I, Pakhira S, Mukhopadhyay S. Pyrene-based fluorescent Ru(II)-arene complexes for significant biological applications: catalytic potential, DNA/protein binding, two photon cell imaging and in vitro cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3937-3953. [PMID: 35171173 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04093f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are being studied extensively as anticancer drugs following the inclusion of NAMI-A and KP1019 in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic phase and primary tumors. Herein, we designed and synthesized four organometallic Ru(II)-arene complexes [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L)Cl] (1), [Ru(η6-benzene)(L)Cl] (2), [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L)N3] (3) and [Ru(η6-benzene)(L)N3] (4) [HL = (E)-N'-(pyren-1-ylmethylene)thiopene-2-carbohydrazide] that have anticancer, antimetastatic and two-photon cell imaging abilities. Moreover, in the transfer hydrogenation of NADH to NAD+, these compounds also display good catalytic activity. All the complexes, 1-4, are well characterized by spectroscopic techniques (NMR, mass, FTIR, UV-vis and fluorescence). The single crystal X-ray diffraction technique proved that the ligand L coordinates through an N,O-bidentate chelating fashion in the solid-state structures of complexes 1 and 2. The stability study of the complexes was performed through UV-visible spectroscopy. The cytotoxicities of all the complexes were screened through MTT assay and the results revealed that the complexes have potential anticancer activity against various cancerous cells (HeLa, MCF7 and A431). Studies with spectroscopic techniques revealed that complexes 1-4 exhibit strong interactions with biological molecules i.e. proteins (HSA and BSA) and CT-DNA. The density functional theory (DFT-D) method has been employed in the present study to know the interaction between DNA and complexes by calculating the HOMO and LUMO energy. A plausible mechanism for NADH oxidation has also been explored and the DFT calculations are found to be in accord with the experimental observation. Furthermore, we have investigated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capabilities in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. The Hoechst/PI dual staining method confirmed the apoptosis mode of cell death. Meanwhile, complexes 1-4 show capabilities to prevent the metastasis phase of cancer cells by inhibiting cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Shrish Nath Upadhyay
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science (MEMS), Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore-453552, MP, India.
| | - Nilima Sinha
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science (MEMS), Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore-453552, MP, India.
| | | | - Ivo Grabchev
- Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridski" Faculty of Medicine, 1, Koziak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Srimanta Pakhira
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science (MEMS), Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore-453552, MP, India. .,Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore-453552, MP, India.,Centre for Advanced Electronics (CAE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore-453552, MP, India
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.
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Pragti, Kundu BK, Sonkar C, Ganguly R, Mukhopadhyay S. Modulation of catalytic and biomolecular binding properties of ruthenium(II)-arene complexes with the variation of coligands for selective toxicity against cancerous cells. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Eremina JA, Ermakova EA, Smirnova KS, Klyushova LS, Berezin AS, Sukhikh TS, Zubenko AA, Fetisov LN, Kononenko KN, Lider EV. Cu(II), Co(II), Mn(II) complexes with 5-phenyltetrazole and polypyridyl ligands: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mandal P, Sonkar C, Dhankhar SS, Nagaraja C, Mukhopadhyay S. Ruthenium(II)-arene complexes containing ferrocenamide ligands: Synthesis, characterisation and antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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