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Pourmadadi M, Poorkhalili P, Sorourian M, Sorourian G, Ghaderi R, Mehrabi MG, Ajalli N. The smart nanocarrier containing zein/starch co-biopolymers enhanced by graphitic carbon nitride; exploring opportunities in brain cancer treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133275. [PMID: 38906350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
In this investigation, we present an innovative pH-responsive nanocomposite designed to address challenges associated with using 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer therapy. The nanocomposite containing zein (Z), starch (S), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) macromolecules is synthesized by a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion technique, serving as a carrier for 5-FU. The S/Z hydrogel matrix's entrapment and loading efficiency are greatly improved by adding g-C3N4 nanosheets, reaching noteworthy values of 45.25 % and 86.5 %, respectively, for drug loading efficiency and entrapment efficiency. Characterization through FTIR and XRD validates the successful loading of 5-FU, elucidating the chemical bonding within the nanocomposite and crystalline characteristics. Structural analysis using FESEM, along with DLS and zeta potential measurements, reveals an average nanocomposite size of 193.48 nm, indicating a controlled structure, and a zeta potential of -42.32 mV, signifying a negatively charged surface. Studies on the in vitro release of drugs reveal that 5-FU is delivered more effectively and sustainably in acidic environments than in physiological circumstances. This highlights the fact that the created nanocarrier is pH-sensitive. Modeling release kinetics involves finding the right mathematical conditions representing underlying physicochemical processes. Employing curve-fitting techniques, predominant release mechanisms are identified, and optimal-fitting kinetic models are determined. The Baker kinetic model performed best at pH 7.4, indicating that the leading cause of the drug release was polymer swelling. In contrast, the Higuchi model was most accurate for drug release at pH 5.4, illuminating the diffusion and dissolution mechanisms involved in diffusion. To be more precise, the mechanism of release at pH 7.4 and 5.4 was anomalous transport (dissolution-controlled), according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model. The pH-dependent swelling and degradation behavior of S/Z/g-C3N4@5-FU nanocomposite showed higher swelling and faster degradation in acidic environments compared to neutral conditions. Crucially, outcomes from the MTT test affirm the significant cytotoxicity of the 5-FU-loaded nanocomposite against U-87 MG brain cancer cells, while simultaneously indicating non-toxicity towards L929 fibroblast cells. These cumulative findings underscore the potential of the engineered S/Z/g-C3N4@5-FU as a productive and targeted therapeutic approach for cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrab Pourmadadi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, GC 1983963113, Iran.
| | - Pegah Poorkhalili
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Sorourian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Ghazal Sorourian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Reza Ghaderi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Shomal, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Narges Ajalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran.
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2
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Khadanga L, Roopan SM. Synthesis of propargylamine: pioneering a green path with non-conventional KA 2 coupling approach. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10826-8. [PMID: 38687398 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The KA2 coupling reaction is a well-explored and versatile method for forming C-C bonds in synthetic chemistry. It is composed of ketone, amine, and alkyne, which play a major role in the synthesis of propargylamines, known for their diverse biological activities and are used in treating neurogenetical disorders. The KA2 coupling is highly challenging due to the low reactivity of ketimines toward nucleophilic attacks with metal acetylide intermediates formed by activating the C-H bond of the alkyne. Despite predominant studies conducted on thermal conditions for KA2 coupling reactions, green and sustainable approaches like non-conventional methods still have a lot to achieve. This review article provides a comprehensive introduction to the non-conventional approach in the KA2 coupling reaction, outlining its mechanisms and exploring future aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambodar Khadanga
- Chemistry of Heterocycles and Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Selvaraj Mohana Roopan
- Chemistry of Heterocycles and Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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3
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Abdouss H, Pourmadadi M, Zahedi P, Abdouss M, Yazdian F, Rahdar A, Díez-Pascual AM. Green synthesis of chitosan/polyacrylic acid/graphitic carbon nitride nanocarrier as a potential pH-sensitive system for curcumin delivery to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125134. [PMID: 37257532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel pH-sensitive nanocarrier containing chitosan (CS), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was designed via water/oil/water (W/O/W) emulsification to administer curcumin (CUR) drug. g-C3N4 nanosheets with a high surface area and porous structure were produced via simple one-step pyrolysis process using thiourea as precursor, and incorporated into CS/PAA hydrogel. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to assess the crystalline structure of the nanocarrier and the interactions between its components, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed a spherical structure and confirmed the g-C3N4 impregnation into the CS/PAA matrix. Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) provided information about the surface charge and average size distribution. High CUR loading and entrapment efficiencies were obtained, which were further improved upon addition of g-C3N4. The release kinetics of drug-loaded CS/PAA/g-C3N4 nanocomposites were investigated at pH = 5.4 and pH = 7.4, and the results showed an excellent controlled pH-sensitive release profile. Cell apoptosis and in vitro cytotoxicity were investigated using flow cytometry and MTT analyses. CS/PAA/g-C3N4/CUR resulted in the highest rate of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, demonstrating the excellent nanocomposite efficacy in eliminating cancerous cells. CS/PAA hydrogel coated with g-C3N4 shows great potential for pH-sensitive controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Abdouss
- Department of Polymer, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrab Pourmadadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Payam Zahedi
- Department of Polymer, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Abdouss
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran.
| | - Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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One-pot synthesis of pompon-like magnetic hollow SiO2-supported Ag nanoparticles for catalytic application. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Chitosan/agarose/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite as an efficient pH-sensitive drug delivery system for anticancer curcumin releasing. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Amiri Z, Malmir M, Hosseinnejad T, Kafshdarzadeh K, Heravi MM. Combined experimental and computational study on Ag-NPs immobilized on rod-like hydroxyapatite for promoting Hantzsch reaction. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Babaei B, Mamaghani M, Mokhtary M. Clean Synthesis of Propargylamines Using Novel Magnetically Recyclable Silver Nanocatalyst (AgMNPs). Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2015401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Babaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Mamaghani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Masoud Mokhtary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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8
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Silver nanoparticles supported on P, Se-codoped g-C3N4 nanosheet as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for reduction of nitroaromatics to their corresponding amines. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Arora G, Yadav M, Gaur R, Gupta R, Yadav P, Dixit R, Sharma RK. Fabrication, functionalization and advanced applications of magnetic hollow materials in confined catalysis and environmental remediation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10967-11003. [PMID: 34160507 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01010g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hollow-structured functional hybrid materials with unique architectures and preeminent properties have always been an area of extensive research. They represent a subtle collaboration of hollow architecture, mesoporous nanostructure and magnetic character. Owing to the merits of a large void space, low density, high specific surface area, well-defined active sites and facile magnetic recovery, these materials present promising application projections in numerous fields, such as drug delivery, adsorption, storage, catalysis and many others. In this review, recent progress in the design, synthesis, functionalization and applications of magnetic hollow-meso/nanostructured materials are discussed. The first part of the review has been dedicated to the preparation and functionalization of the materials. The synthetic protocols have been broadly classified into template-assisted and template-free methods and major trends in their synthesis have been elaborated in detail. Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of each method are compared. The later part summarizes the application aspects of confined catalysis in organic transformations and environmental remediation such as degradation of organic pollutants, dyes and antibiotics and adsorption of heavy metal ions. Finally, an outlook of future directions in this research field is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Arora
- Green Chemistry Network Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Vocational College of Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jincai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Vocational College of Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqi Mao
- College of Humanities and music, Hunan Vocational College of Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Silver nanoparticles-decorated Preyssler functionalized cellulose biocomposite as a novel and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyrans and spirochromenes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14540. [PMID: 32884026 PMCID: PMC7471288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles-decorated Preyssler functionalized cellulose biocomposite (PC/AgNPs) was prepared and fully characterized by FTIR, UV–vis, SEM, and TEM techniques. The preparation of PC/AgNPs was studied systematically to optimize the processing parameters by Taguchi method using the amount of PC, reaction temperature, concentration of silver nitrate and pH of medium. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal (4 parameters, 4 level) was used for the experimental design. The SEM analysis confirmed the presence of the Preyssler as a white cloud as well as spherical AgNPs on the surface of cellulose. The formation of AgNPs on the surface was observed by changing of the color from yellow to deep brown and confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. The best yield of AgNPs forming was obtained in pH 12.5 at 80 ºC in 20 min. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs with a size of 50 nm, at the 1% wt. loading of Preyssler. This easily prepared PC/AgNPs was successfully employed as an efficient, green, and reusable catalyst in the synthesis of a wide range of 2-amino-4H-pyran and functionalized spirochromene derivatives via a one-pot, multicomponent reaction. The chief merits realized for this protocol were the utilization of commercially available or easily accessible starting materials, operational simplicity, facile work-up procedure, obtaining of high to excellent yields of the products and being done under green conditions. The catalyst could be easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused several times without observing any appreciable loss in its efficiency.
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12
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Pd on poly(1-vinylimidazole) decorated magnetic S-doped grafitic carbon nitride: an efficient catalyst for catalytic reduction of organic dyes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13440. [PMID: 32778757 PMCID: PMC7417994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel magnetic catalyst, (SGCN/Fe3O4/PVIs/Pd) was synthesized by growing of poly(1-vinylimidazole) on the surface of ionic liquid decorated magnetic S-doped graphitic carbon nitride, followed by stabilization of palladium nanoparticles. Catalytic activity of the prepared heterogeneous catalyst was explored for the catalytic reduction of hazardous dyes, methyl orange and Rhodamine B, in the presence of NaBH4. Besides, the effects of the reaction variables on the catalytic activity were investigated in detail. The kinetics study established that dye reduction was the first order reaction and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 72.63 kJ/mol and 68.35 kJ/mol1 for methyl orange and Rhodamine B dyes, respectively. Moreover, ΔS# and ΔH# values for methyl orange were found to be − 33.67 J/mol K and 68.39 kJ/mol respectively. These values for Rhodamine B were − 45.62 J/mol K and 65.92 kJ/mol. The recycling test verified that the catalyst possessed good stability and reusability, thereby making it a good candidate for the catalytic purposes. Furthermore, a possible catalytic mechanism for dye catalytic reduction over SGCN/Fe3O4/PVIs/Pd was proposed.
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13
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Mohammadi P, Heravi MM, Sadjadi S. Green synthesis of Ag NPs on magnetic polyallylamine decorated g-C 3N 4 by Heracleum persicum extract: efficient catalyst for reduction of dyes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6579. [PMID: 32313151 PMCID: PMC7171167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles were immobilized on magnetic polyallylamine (PAA) decorated g-C3N4 by using Heracleum persicum extract as a biological reducing and stabilizing agent. The resulting nanocomposite, Fe3O4-g-C3N4-TCT-PAA-Ag, was then characterized using BET, VSM, XRD, TGA, FTIR, TEM, EDS and ICP. The catalytic performance of the synthesized nanocatalyst was considered in the reduction of rhodamine B, and methyl orange in the presence of sodium borohydride in the aqueous medium at room temperature. The results showed that Fe3O4-g-C3N4-TCT-PAA-Ag nanocomposite could promote both reduction reactions efficiently in very short reaction times (70-100 s). In addition, Fe3O4-g-C3N4-TCT-PAA-Ag could be magnetically recovered and recycled for several cycles with no significant decrease in its catalytic performance. Using the experimental results, the rate constant, enthalpy, and entropy of the reduction reactions of both dyes were estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, PO Box 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, PO Box 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samahe Sadjadi
- Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of Petrochemicals, Iran polymer and Petrochemicals Institute, 15 km Tehran-Karaj Highway, Pajuhesh Science and Technology Park, Pajuhesh Boulevard, postal cod; 14977-13115, PO Box 14975-112, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Jiang W, Zhou Y, Sun W, Li Y. Cu
II
@PAA/PVC mesoporous fibers: A hybrid wedding as a high‐performance versatile heterogeneous catalyst for A
3
, KA
2
, and decarboxylative A
3
reactions. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yuemin Zhou
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Department of ChemistryJinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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15
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Rai VK, Verma F, Mahata S, Bhardiya SR, Singh M, Rai A. Metal Doped-C3N4/Fe2O4: Efficient and Versatile Heterogenous Catalysts for Organic Transformations. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190709113758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been one of the interesting earth abundant elements. Though g-C3N4 finds application as a photocatalyst, its photocatalytic behaviour is limited because of low efficiency, mainly due to rapid charge recombination. To overcome this problem, several strategies have been developed including doping of metal/non-metal in the cavity of g-C3N4. Moreover, the CoFe2O4 NPs have been used in many organic transformations because of its high surface area and easy separation due to its magnetic nature. This review describes the role of cobalt ferrite as magnetic nanoparticles and metal-doped carbon nitride as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for new carbon-carbon and carbon-hetero atom bond formation followed by heterocyclization. Reactions which involved new catalysts for selective activation of readily available substrates has been reported herein. Since nanoparticles enhance the reactivity of catalyst due to higher catalytic area, they have been employed in various reactions such as addition reaction, C-H activation reaction, coupling reaction, cyclo-addition reaction, multi-component reaction, ring-opening reaction, oxidation reaction and reduction reactions etc. The driving force for choosing this topic is based-on huge number of good publications including different types of spinels/metal doped-/graphitic carbon nitride reported in the literature and due to interest of synthetic community in recent years. This review certainly will represent the present status in organic transformation and for exploring further their catalytic efficiency to new organic transformations involving C-H activation reaction through coupling, cyclo-addition, multi-component, ring-opening, oxidation and reduction reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai K. Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, India
| | - Fooleswar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, India
| | - Suhasini Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, India
| | - Smita R. Bhardiya
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, India
| | - Manorama Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009, India
| | - Ankita Rai
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110027, India
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16
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Sadjadi S, Heravi MM, Mohammadi L, Malmir M. Pd@magnetic Carbon Dot Immobilized on the Cyclodextrin Nanosponges ‐ Biochar Hybrid as an Efficient Hydrogenation Catalyst. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samahe Sadjadi
- Gas Conversion DepartmentFaculty of PetrochemicalsIran Polymer and Petrochemicals Institute PO Box 14975–112 Tehran Iran
| | - Majid M. Heravi
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceAlzahra University PO Box 1993891176 Vanak, Tehran Iran
| | - Leila Mohammadi
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceAlzahra University PO Box 1993891176 Vanak, Tehran Iran
| | - Masoumeh Malmir
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceAlzahra University PO Box 1993891176 Vanak, Tehran Iran
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