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Desenko SM, Gorobets MY, Lipson VV, Sakhno YI, Chebanov VA. Dihydroazolopyrimidines: Past, Present and Perspectives in Synthesis, Green Chemistry and Drug Discovery. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300244. [PMID: 37668291 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroazolopyrimidines are an important class of heterocycles that are isosteric to natural purines and are therefore of great interest primarily as drug-like molecules. In contrast to the heteroaromatic analogs, synthetic approaches to these compounds were developed much later, and their chemical properties and biological activity have not been studied in detail until recently. In the review, different ways to build dihydroazolopyrimidine systems from different building blocks are described - via the initial formation of a partially hydrogenated pyrimidine ring or an azole ring, as well as a one-pot assembly of azole and azine fragments. Special attention is given to modern approaches: multicomponent reactions, green chemistry, and the use of non-classical activation methods. Information on the chemical properties of dihydroazolopyrimidines and the prospects for their use in the design of drugs of various profiles are also summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhiy M Desenko
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals" NAS of Ukraine, Nauky ave. 60, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61072
| | - Mykola Yu Gorobets
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals" NAS of Ukraine, Nauky ave. 60, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61072
| | - Victoria V Lipson
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals" NAS of Ukraine, Nauky ave. 60, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61072
- Faculty of Chemistry, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq. 4, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61022
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Institution "V. Ya. Danilevsky Institute for Endocrine Pathology Problems" NAMS of Ukraine, Alchevskikh St. 10, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61002
| | - Yana I Sakhno
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals" NAS of Ukraine, Nauky ave. 60, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61072
| | - Valentyn A Chebanov
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, State Scientific Institution "Institute for Single Crystals" NAS of Ukraine, Nauky ave. 60, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61072
- Faculty of Chemistry, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq. 4, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61022
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Maddila S, Kerru N, Jonnalagadda SB. Recent Progress in the Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyran Derivatives by Sustainable Catalysts under Green Conditions. Molecules 2022; 27:6347. [PMID: 36234888 PMCID: PMC9571218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrans are one of the most significant skeletons of oxygen-containing heterocyclic molecules, which exhibit a broad spectrum of medicinal applications and are constituents of diverse natural product analogues. Various biological applications of these pyran analogues contributed to the growth advances in these oxygen-containing molecules. Green one-pot methodologies for synthesising these heterocyclic molecules have received significant attention. This review focuses on the recent developments in synthesising pyran ring derivatives using reusable catalysts and emphasises the multicomponent reaction strategies using green protocols. The advantages of the catalysts in terms of yields, reaction conditions, and recyclability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Maddila
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Sciences, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Nagaraju Kerru
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM University, Bengaluru Campus, Bengaluru 561203, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreekantha Babu Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Kerru N, Gummidi L, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB. Ultrasound-Mediated Green Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Benzothiazole[3,2- a]Pyrimidine Derivatives through a Multicomponent Reaction. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1867204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Kerru
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lalitha Gummidi
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Sonali Anantha IS, Kerru N, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB. Recent Progresses in the Multicomponent Synthesis of Dihydropyridines by Applying Sustainable Catalysts Under Green Conditions. Front Chem 2021; 9:800236. [PMID: 34993177 PMCID: PMC8724676 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.800236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of dihydropyridines, valuable molecules with diverse therapeutic properties, using eco-friendly heterogeneous catalysts as a green alternative received significant consideration. By selecting appropriate precursors, these compounds can be readily modified to induce the desired properties in the target product. This review focused on synthesising diverse dihydropyridine derivatives in single-pot reactions using magnetic, silica, and zirconium-based heterogeneous catalytic systems. The monograph describes preparation techniques for various catalyst materials in detail. It covers facile and benign magnetic, silica, zirconium-based, and ionic liquid catalysts, exhibiting significant efficacy and consistently facilitating excellent yields in short reaction times and in a cost-effective way. Most of the designated protocols employ Hantzsch reactions involving substituted aldehydes, active methylene compounds, and ammonium acetate. These reactions presumably follow Knoevenagel condensation followed by Michael addition and intra-molecular cyclisation. The multicomponent one-pot protocols using green catalysts and solvents have admirably increased the product selectivity and yields while minimising the reaction time. These sustainable catalyst materials retain their viability for several cycles reducing the expenditure are eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaraju Kerru
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM University, Bengaluru, India
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa
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Madhavi C, Ganja H, Kerru N, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB. Synthesis of a sustainable heterogeneous catalyst, titanium dioxide‐loaded hydroxyapatite for functionalised chromen‐dihydropyridines under green conditions. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Challa Madhavi
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Sciences GITAM University Visakhapatnam India
| | - Himavathi Ganja
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Sciences GITAM University Visakhapatnam India
| | - Nagaraju Kerru
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science GITAM University, Bengaluru Campus Doddaballapura India
| | - Suresh Maddila
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Sciences GITAM University Visakhapatnam India
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu‐Natal, Westville Campus Durban South Africa
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Al-Zaydi KM, Al-Boqami M, Elnagdi NMH. Green Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines and Pyridines Utilizing Biginelli Reaction. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1998151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah M. Al-Zaydi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences-AL Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Modi Al-Boqami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences-AL Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha M. H. Elnagdi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Department, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
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Ganta RK, Kerru N, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB. Advances in Pyranopyrazole Scaffolds' Syntheses Using Sustainable Catalysts-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:3270. [PMID: 34071629 PMCID: PMC8199150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis plays a crucial role in many chemical processes, including advanced organic preparations and the design and synthesis of new organic moieties. Efficient and sustainable catalysts are vital to ecological and fiscal viability. This is why green multicomponent reaction (MCR) approaches have gained prominence. Owing to a broad range of pharmacological applications, pyranopyrazole syntheses (through the one-pot strategy, employing sustainable heterogeneous catalysts) have received immense attention. This review aimed to emphasise recent developments in synthesising nitrogen-based fused heterocyclic ring frameworks, exploring diverse recyclable catalysts. The article focused on the synthetic protocols used between 2010 and 2020 using different single, bi- and tri-metallic materials and nanocomposites as reusable catalysts. This review designated the catalysts' efficacy and activity in product yields, reaction time, and reusability. The MCR green methodologies (in conjunction with recyclable catalyst materials) proved eco-friendly and ideal, with a broad scope that could feasibly lead to advancements in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Ganta
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, India; (R.K.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Nagaraju Kerru
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Bengaluru Campus, GITAM University, Karnataka 561203, India;
- School of Chemistry & Physics, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Sciences, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, India; (R.K.G.); (S.M.)
- School of Chemistry & Physics, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Chiltern Hills, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Kerru N, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB. A Facile and Catalyst-Free Microwave-Promoted Multicomponent Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalised 1,4-Dihydropyridines With Superb Selectivity and Yields. Front Chem 2021; 9:638832. [PMID: 33869142 PMCID: PMC8044462 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.638832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a highly efficient green protocol for developing a novel library of 1,2,4-triazole-tagged 1,4-dihydropyridine analogs through the one-pot process from the four-component fusion of the 1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine with different chosen aldehydes, diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, and active methylene compounds in a water medium under microwave irradiation and catalyst-free conditions. Excellent yields (94-97%) of the target products were achieved with high selectivity with a short reaction time (<12 min) at room temperature. The structures of the synthesized pyrimidine analogs were established by NMR and HRMS spectroscopic analysis. Simple workup, impressive yields, no column chromatography, green solvent, rapid reaction, and excellent functional group tolerance are the benefits of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Kerru
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) University, Bengaluru, India
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Sciences, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) University, Visakhapatnam, India
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Kerru N, Gummidi L, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB. A Review of Recent Advances in the Green Synthesis of Azole- and Pyran-based Fused Heterocycles Using MCRs and Sustainable Catalysts. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201020204620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur-containing fused heterocycles are of great importance
because of their exciting and diverse biological activities. The construction of the carbonnitrogen
and carbon-oxygen through a multicomponent reaction approach by using ecofriendly
reusable heterogeneous catalysts are of significant importance as it opens avenues for
the introduction of nitrogen and oxygen in organic molecules. Thus, green methodologies
have gained particular significance in this field; today, green chemistry is considered a tool
for introducing sustainable concepts at the fundamental level. This review emphasizes and
discusses the current progress on the applications of eco-friendly, recyclable heterogeneous
catalysts for the synthesis of different heterocyclic fused systems and their green protocols.
We paid particular attention to the specific integration of carbon-nitrogen, and carbon-oxygen
bond-forming fused heterocycles by a one-pot approach by evaluating the literature between 2012 and the middle of
2020. The efficiency of the catalyst is assessed in terms of reaction time, yield and possible reusability. The MCR and
heterogeneous catalyst strategies have demonstrated broader scope, economical and viability for the green and sustainable
processes in the field of synthetic organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Kerru
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Lalitha Gummidi
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban-4000,, South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban-4000,, South Africa
| | - Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban-4000,, South Africa
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Kerru N, Gummidi L, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB. Efficient synthesis of novel functionalized dihydro‑pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridines via the three-component reaction using MgO/HAp as a sustainable catalyst. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shahnavaz Z, Khaligh NG, Zaharani L, Johan MR, Hamizi NA. The structure elucidation of new ionic liquid and its application for the synthesis of a series of novel triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffolds. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kerru N, Gummidi L, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB. Polyethylene glycol (PEG‐400) Mediated One‐pot Green Synthesis of 4,7‐Dihydro‐2
H
‐pyrazolo[3,4‐
b
]pyridines Under Catalyst‐free Conditions. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Kerru
- School of Chemistry & Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills Private Bag 54001 Durban-4000 South Africa
| | - Lalitha Gummidi
- School of Chemistry & Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills Private Bag 54001 Durban-4000 South Africa
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills Private Bag 54001 Durban-4000 South Africa
| | - Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills Private Bag 54001 Durban-4000 South Africa
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Zaharani L, Khaligh NG, Mihankhah T, Johan MR, Hamizi NA. Facile and green synthesis of a series of dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffolds. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a new catalytic application of 4,4′-trimethylenedipiperidine for the efficient synthesis of a series of dihydro-[1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. According to the principles of green chemistry, the reaction was performed (a) in a solvent mixture comprised of water and ethanol (1:1 v/v) at reflux temperature and (b) solvent-free grinding in a mortar by a pestle. The organocatalyst could be reused up to 10 runs, and no reduction of catalytic activity was detected. A variety of substituted dihydro-[1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines were obtained in good to excellent yields under eco-friendly conditions. 4,4′-Trimethylenedipiperidine is commercially available and easy to handle, and it also shows high thermal stability and good solubility in water. This work revealed that this organocatalyst, a hydrogen bond donor to active carbonyl groups and simultaneously a Lewis base through the nitrogen atom of second piperidine moiety, could play a vital role in the promotion of the one-pot multi-component reactions. The main merits of the current methodology include short reaction time, wide substrate scope, use of a metal-free catalyst and green solvents, and simple work-up process. Furthermore, this organocatalyst can be an alternative to piperidine for organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Zaharani
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Taraneh Mihankhah
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16765-163, Iran
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aliya Hamizi
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Kerru N, Gummidi L, Maddila SN, Bhaskaruni SVHS, Maddila S, Jonnalagadda SB. Green synthesis and characterisation of novel [1,3,4]thiadiazolo/benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2- a]pyrimidines via multicomponent reaction using vanadium oxide loaded on fluorapatite as a robust and sustainable catalyst. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19803-19810. [PMID: 35520453 PMCID: PMC9054220 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02298e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesised materials with different loadings of vanadia on fluorapatite (V2O5/FAp), fully characterised their structural properties using various spectral techniques including TEM, BET, XRD, FT-IR, SEM and EDX and assessed their prowess as catalysts. The 2.5% V2O5/FAp exhibited excellent activity for the synthesis of novel [1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines and benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines. The one-pot three-component fusion reaction between chosen substrates of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-amines or 2-amino-benzothiazole, aldehydes and active methylene compounds in ethanol solvent at room temperature gave an excellent yield of products (90-97%) in a swift reaction (25-30 min). The advantages of this protocol are rapid synthesis, mild reaction conditions, green solvent, easy work-up, eco-friendliness, reusability of catalyst and no need for column chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Kerru
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban-4000 South Africa +27 31 2603091 +27 31 2607325
| | - Lalitha Gummidi
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban-4000 South Africa +27 31 2603091 +27 31 2607325
| | - Surya Narayana Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban-4000 South Africa +27 31 2603091 +27 31 2607325
| | - Sandeep V H S Bhaskaruni
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban-4000 South Africa +27 31 2603091 +27 31 2607325
| | - Suresh Maddila
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban-4000 South Africa +27 31 2603091 +27 31 2607325
| | - Sreekantha B Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Chiltern Hills Durban-4000 South Africa +27 31 2603091 +27 31 2607325
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