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Romero-Soto CA, Iglesias AL, Velázquez-Ham AF, Camarena-Díaz JP, Correa-Ayala E, Gomez-Lopez JL, Chávez D, Ochoa-Terán A, Aguirre G, Rheingold AL, Grotjahn DB, Parra-Hake M, Miranda-Soto V. Ruthenium complexes with triazenide ligands bearing an N-heterocyclic moiety, and their catalytic properties in the reduction of nitroarenes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:24019-24030. [PMID: 39086523 PMCID: PMC11290092 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04813j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of ruthenium complexes of formulae [RuCl(triazenide)(p-cymene)] have been synthesized using as ligand a triazenide monofunctionalized with an N-heterocyclic moiety. Nuclear magnetic resonance, high resolution mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the triazenide ligands and their complexes. In addition, these ruthenium complexes catalyzed the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline in the presence of sodium borohydride and ethanol as solvent at room temperature. Notably, complex 5 was especially active in the reduction of nitroarenes substituted at the aromatic ring with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating fuctional groups affording the desired arylamines in good to excellent yields (80-100%). The role of the N-heterocyclic moiety on catalysis was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Romero-Soto
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
| | - Ana L Iglesias
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Mexico
| | - Amor F Velázquez-Ham
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
| | - Juan P Camarena-Díaz
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
| | - Erick Correa-Ayala
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
| | - Jessica L Gomez-Lopez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
| | - Daniel Chávez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
| | - Adrián Ochoa-Terán
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
| | - Gerardo Aguirre
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Douglas B Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University CA 92182 USA
| | - Miguel Parra-Hake
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
| | - Valentín Miranda-Soto
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana/Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N 22454 Tijuana BC Mexico
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Ywaya DO, Ibrahim H, Friedrich HB, Bala MD, Soobramoney L, Daniels A, Singh M. Chemotherapeutic Activities of New η 6- p-Cymene Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) Complexes with Chelating SS and Tridentate SNS Ligands. Molecules 2024; 29:944. [PMID: 38474456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of new chelating bidentate (SS) alkylimidazole-2-thione-Ru(II)/Os(II) complexes (3ai, 3aii, 3aiii, 3bii/4aiii, 4bi, 4bii), and the tridentate (SNS) pyridine-2,6-diylimidazole-2-thione-Ru(II)/Os(II) complexes (5bi, 5civ/6bi, 6ci, 6civ) in the forms [MII(cym)(L)Cl]PF6 and [MII(cym)(L)]PF6 (M = Ru or Os, cym = η6-p-cymene, and L = heterocyclic derivatives of thiourea) respectively, were successfully synthesized. Spectroscopic and analytical methods were used to characterize the complexes and their ligands. Solid-state single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed a "piano-stool" geometry around the Ru(II) or Os(II) centers in the respective complexes. The complexes were investigated for in vitro chemotherapeutic activities against human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and the non-cancerous cell line (Hek293) using the MTT assay. The compounds 3aii, 5civ, 5bi, 4aiii, 6ci, 6civ, and the reference drug, 5-fluorouracil were found to be selective toward the tumor cells; the compounds 3ai, 3aiii, 3bii, 4bi, 4bii, and 6bi, which were found not to be selective between normal and tumor cell lines. The IC50 value of the tridentate half-sandwich complex 5bi (86 ± 9 μM) showed comparable anti-proliferative activity with the referenced commercial anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (87 ± 15 μM). The pincer (SNS) osmium complexes 6ci (36 ± 10 μM) and 6civ (40 ± 4 μM) were twice as effective as the reference drug 5-fluorouracil at the respective dose concentrations. However, the analogous pincer (SNS) ruthenium complex 5civ was ineffective and did not show anti-proliferative activity, even at a higher concentration of 147 ± 1 μM. These findings imply that the higher stability of the chelating (SS) and the pincer (SNS) ligand architectures in the complexes improves the biological (anti-proliferative) activity of the complexes by reducing the chance of ligand dissociation under physiological conditions. In general, the pincer (SNS) osmium complexes were found to be more cytotoxic than their ruthenium analogues, suggesting that the anti-proliferative activity of the imidazole-2-thione-Ru/Os complexes depends on the ligand's spatial coordination, the nature of the metal center, and the charge of the metal complex ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Ywaya
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Halliru Ibrahim
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Holger B Friedrich
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Muhammad D Bala
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Lynette Soobramoney
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Aliscia Daniels
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Omondi RO, Jaganyi D, Ojwach SO. Electronic and ring size effects of N-heterocyclic carbenes on the kinetics of ligand substitution reactions and DNA/protein interactions of their palladium(II) complexes. Biometals 2023; 36:1109-1123. [PMID: 37184626 PMCID: PMC10545578 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, substitution kinetics and DNA/BSA interactions of four cationic Pd(II) complexes [Pd(1)Cl]BF4 (Pd1), [Pd(2)Cl]BF4 (Pd2), [Pd(3)Cl]BF4 (Pd3) and [Pd(4)Cl]BF4 (Pd4), derived from the reaction of [PdCl2(NCCH3)2] with ligands 2,6-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)pyridine dibromide (1), 2,6-bis(3-ethylimidazolium-1-yl)pyridine dibromide (2), 2,6-bis(1-methylimidazole-2-thione)pyridine (3), and 2,6-bis(1-ethylimidazole-2-thione)pyridine (4), respectively are reported. The complexes were characterised by various spectroscopic techniques and single crystal X-ray diffraction for compound Pd2. Kinetic reactivity of the complexes with the biologically relevant nucleophiles thiourea (Tu), L-methionine (L-Met) and guanosine 5'-monophosphate sodium salt (5'-GMP) was in the order: Pd1 > Pd2 > Pd3 > Pd4, which was largely dependent on the electronic and ring size of the chelate ligands, consistent with Density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The interactions of the complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding titrations showed strong binding. Both the experimental and in silico data reveal CT-DNA intercalative binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinner O Omondi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Deogratius Jaganyi
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Stephen O Ojwach
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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A Reusable FeCl3∙6H2O/Cationic 2,2′-Bipyridyl Catalytic System for Reduction of Nitroarenes in Water. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of a commercially-available iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3∙6H2O) with cationic 2,2′-bipyridyl in water was proven to be an operationally simple and reusable catalytic system for the highly-selective reduction of nitroarenes to anilines. This procedure was conducted under air using 1–2 mol% of catalyst in the presence of nitroarenes and 4 equiv of hydrazine monohydrate (H2NNH2∙H2O) in neat water at 100 °C for 12 h, and provided high to excellent yields of aniline derivatives. After separation of the aqueous catalytic system from the organic product, the residual aqueous solution could be applied for subsequent reuse, without any catalyst retreatment or regeneration, for several runs with only a slight decrease in activity, proving this process eco-friendly.
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