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A Theoretical and Experimental Study for Enzymatic Biodiesel Production from Babassu Oil (Orbignya sp.) Using Eversa Lipase. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical and experimental study was carried out on the biocatalytic production of babassu biodiesel through enzymatic hydroesterification. The complete hydrolysis of babassu oil was carried out using a 1:1 mass solution at 40 °C for 4 h using 0.4% of lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL). Then, with the use of Eversa® Transform 2.0 lipase in the esterification step, a statistical design was used, varying the temperature (25–55 °C), the molar ratio between free fatty acids (FFAs) and methanol (1:1 to 1:9), the percentage of biocatalyst (0.1% to 0.9%), and the reaction time (1–5 h) using the Taguchi method. The ideal reaction levels obtained after the statistical treatment were 5 h of reaction at 40 °C at a molar ratio of 1:5 (FFAs/methanol) using 0.9% of the biocatalyst. These optimal conditions were validated by chromatographic analysis; following the EN 14103 standard, the sample showed an ester concentration of 95.76%. A theoretical study was carried out to evaluate the stability of Eversa with FFAs. It was observed in the molecular docking results that the ligands interacted directly with the catalytic site. Through molecular dynamics studies, it was verified that there were no significant conformational changes in the studied complexes. Theoretical and experimental results show the feasibility of this process.
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Peng L, Zhao Y, Yang T, Tong Z, Tang Z, Orita A, Qiu R. Zirconium-Based Catalysts in Organic Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:41. [PMID: 35951161 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zirconium is a silvery-white malleable and ductile metal at room temperature with a crustal abundance of 162 ppm. Its compounds, showing Lewis acidic behavior and high catalytic performance, have been recognized as a relatively cheap, low-toxicity, stable, green, and efficient catalysts for various important organic transformations. Commercially available inorganic zirconium chloride was widely applied as a catalyst to accelerate amination, Michael addition, and oxidation reactions. Well-designed zirconocene perfluorosulfonates can be applied in allylation, acylation, esterification, etc. N-Chelating oganozirconium complexes accelerate polymerization, hydroaminoalkylation, and CO2 fixation efficiently. In this review, the applications of both commercially available and synthesized zirconium catalysts in organic reactions in the last 5 years are highlighted. Firstly, the properties and application of zirconium and its compounds are simply introduced. After presenting the superiority of zirconium compounds, their applications as catalysts to accelerate organic transformations are classified and presented in detail. On the basis of different kinds of zirconium catalysts, organic reactions accelerated by inorganic zirconium catalysts, zirconium catalysts bearing Cp, and organozirconium catalysts without Cp are summarized, and the plausible reaction mechanisms are presented if available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yanting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Tianbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zilong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China.
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
| | - Renhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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Saleh HM, Hassan AI. Use of heterogeneous catalysis in sustainable biofuel production. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biofuel is a sustainable energy source that may use to replace fossil-based carbon dioxide and mitigate the adverse effects of exhaust emissions. Nowadays, we need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from environmentally sustainable sources of increasing importance. Biofuels derived from biomass have gained considerable attention, and thus most of the traditional methods that harm the environment and humans have retreated. Developing an active and stable heterogeneous catalyst is a step of utmost importance in the renewable liquid fuel technology. Thus, there is a great interest in developing methods for producing liquid fuels from non-edible sources. It may also be from dry plant tissues such as agricultural waste. Lignocellulosic biomass can be a sustainable source for producing renewable fuels and chemicals, as well as the replacement of petroleum products. Hence, the researchers aspired to synthesize new catalysts using a cheap technology developed to hydrolyze cellulose and then produce bioethanol without needing expensive enzymes, which may ultimately lead to a lower fuel price. In this paper, we will focus on the recent technologies used to produce sustainable biofuels through inexpensive incentives and innocuous to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam M. Saleh
- Radioisotope Department , Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Amal I. Hassan
- Radioisotope Department , Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
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Baião Ferreira F, da Silva MJ, Rodrigues FDÁ, da Silva Faria WL. Sulfated-Alumina-Catalyzed Triacetin Synthesis: An Optimization Study of Glycerol Esterification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Baião Ferreira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Márcio José da Silva
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Ávila Rodrigues
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
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