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Lim WS, Kim MH, Park HJ, Lee MH. Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) Composite Film-Forming Solutions and Resulting Films as Affected by Beeswax Content. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:310. [PMID: 38337201 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the food packaging industry has focused on developing an eco-friendly and sustainable food packaging system. This study describes the effect of beeswax on the physical, structural, and barrier properties of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyacrylic acid (PAA) composite film. The incorporation of beeswax improved the barrier properties against oxygen, water, and oil. However, the addition of a high content of beeswax caused phase separation in the film-forming solution. The destabilization mechanisms such as clarification and creaming formation in the film-forming solution were revealed by turbidimetric analysis. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) indicates that non-homogeneous structures in the film-forming solution were formed as a function of increased beeswax content due to the agglomeration of beeswax. The mechanical properties of the films were also evaluated to determine the most appropriate content of beeswax. There was a slight decrease in tensile strength and an increase in elongation as beeswax content increased up to 10%. Thus, the PVA/PAA composite film with 10% beeswax was chosen for further applications. In summary, the PVA/PAA composite film developed in this study with 10% beeswax exhibited a significant improvement in barrier properties and has the potential for use in commerce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Su Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ha Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyeock Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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Taha EF, Hamed NS, Khateeb S. Etoricoxib nanostructured lipid carriers attenuate inflammation by modulating Cyclooxygenase-2 signaling and activation of nuclear factor-κB-p65 pathways in radiation-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:176029. [PMID: 37648012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation aimed to explore the potential of etoricoxib nanostructured lipid carriers (ET-NLCs) as an anti-inflammatory drug in radiation-exposed rats, with a focus on assessing its efficacy in reducing inflammation while minimizing cardiac toxicity compared to conventional etoricoxib (ET) treatment. The ET-NLCs were prepared by the low-temperature melt emulsification solidification technique. Various techniques were employed to characterize the NLCs. Rats were exposed to gamma-irradiation (6 Gy) to induce cardiac inflammation and injury, followed by oral administration of ET or ET-NLCs (10 mg/kg b.w.) for 14 consecutive days. Results demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB-p65), and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP-1) in the heart tissues of gamma-irradiated rats compared to the control group. This increase was accompanied by a reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. However, treatment with ET and ET-NLCs exhibited a positive impact on these levels. Interestingly, the efficacy of ET-NLCs in mitigating radiation-induced inflammation in heart tissue was found to be superior to that of ET. In conclusion, the study suggests that the utilization of NLCs as a drug delivery system for ET may not only enhance its therapeutic efficacy but also help reduce the cardiovascular risks associated with ET, specifically focused on individuals who had been exposed to gamma radiation. These findings open new avenues for further research in the development of effective and safer therapeutic strategies for managing inflammatory diseases and their impact on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Fs Taha
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Sayed Hamed
- Radioisotopes Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar Khateeb
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
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Chu CC, Hasan ZAA, Tan CP, Nyam KL. In vitro safety evaluation of sunscreen formulation from nanostructured lipid carriers using human cells and skin model. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 84:105431. [PMID: 35809791 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a risk of toxicological reactions due to systemic absorption and photo-instability of sunscreens. The study aimed to investigate the safety profile (cytotoxicity, phototoxicity, photostability, UV filter release profile, and skin irritation properties) of sunscreen (NLC-TRF sunscreen) produced from nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF). The cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of the sunscreen were evaluated on normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) and skin irritation properties was tested on skin model. Besides, the photoprotection in pre- and post-UV irradiation were analysed to determine the photostability. Additionally, the release profile for UV filters (diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB) and ethylhexyl triazone (EHT)) were evaluated. The NLC-TRF sunscreen demonstrated no cytotoxicity and skin irritation to cause cell death. It showed no phototoxic effect and high photostability up to 10 Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) to ensure high SPF value above 50 and broad-spectrum of UV absorption. The NLC-TRF sunscreen implies its safety for topical application with sustainable release profile for UV filter (cumulative release of 28% for DHHB and 40% for EHT after 8 h) due to the application of NLCs. The results suggest that the NLC-TRF sunscreen is an advanced formulation with improved stability and is safe for topical delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Chin Chu
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zafarizal Aldrin Azizul Hasan
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kar Lin Nyam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Chu CC, Hasan ZABA, Tan CP, Nyam KL. In Vitro Antiaging Evaluation of Sunscreen Formulated from Nanostructured Lipid Carrier and Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3929-3936. [PMID: 34425132 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation leads to photoaging. There is a tremendous rise in products having a dual activity of photoprotection and antiaging. In vitro analysis in dermal fibroblasts and their biological mechanisms involved are critical to determine antiaging potential. The study aimed to investigate the antiaging potential of sunscreen formulated from nanostructured lipid carrier and tocotrienol-rich fraction (NLC-TRF sunscreen). The antioxidant activity of the NLC-TRF sunscreen was evaluated by radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide inhibition properties. Also, collagenase, elastase and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) inhibition activities, and type I collagen and elastin protein expression were studied. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), type I collagen (COL1A1), elastin (ELN), MMP-1, MMP-2, and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). The results suggested that NLC-TRF sunscreen is effective in radical, anti-hydrogen peroxide, and collagenase, elastase and MMP-1 inhibition activities. Besides, a significant increase for type I collagen (3.47-fold) and elastin (2.16-fold) protein and fibroblast regeneration genes (FGF (2.12-fold), VEGF (1.91-fold), TGF-β1 (2.84-fold), TIMP-1 (1.42-fold), ELN (2.13-fold)) were observed after sample treatment. These findings support the therapeutic potential of NLC-TRF sunscreen in antiaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Chin Chu
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chin Ping Tan
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kar Lin Nyam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Chu CC, Nyam KL. Application of seed oils and its bioactive compounds in sunscreen formulations. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Chin Chu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences UCSI University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Kar Lin Nyam
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences UCSI University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Chu CC, Chew SC, Nyam KL. Recent advances in encapsulation technologies of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) leaves and seeds for cosmeceutical application. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Dermal and Transdermal Applications. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum, the most superficial layer of the skin, protects the body against environmental hazards and presents a highly selective barrier for the passage of drugs and cosmetic products deeper into the skin and across the skin. Nanomaterials can effectively increase the permeation of active molecules across the stratum corneum and enable their penetration into deeper skin layers, often by interacting with the skin and creating the distinct sites with elevated local concentration, acting as reservoirs. The flux of the molecules from these reservoirs can be either limited to the underlying skin layers (for topical drug and cosmeceutical delivery) or extended across all the sublayers of the epidermis to the blood vessels of the dermis (for transdermal delivery). The type of the nanocarrier and the physicochemical nature of the active substance are among the factors that determine the final skin permeation pattern and the stability of the penetrant in the cutaneous environment. The most widely employed types of nanomaterials for dermal and transdermal applications include solid lipid nanoparticles, nanovesicular carriers, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles. The recent advances in the area of nanomaterial-assisted dermal and transdermal delivery are highlighted in this review.
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Chu CC, Hasan ZABA, Tan CP, Nyam KL. Application of Kenaf Seed Oil‐Nanostructured Lipid Carrier to Palm‐Based α‐Tocopherol Cream for Photoprotection. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Chin Chu
- Department of Food Science with Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
| | - Zafarizal Aldrin Bin Azizul Hasan
- Consumer Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000 Malaysia
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology University Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Kar Lin Nyam
- Department of Food Science with Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
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Chu CC, Hasan ZABA, Chua SK, Nyam KL. Formulation and Characterization of Novel Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Photoprotective Properties Made from Carnauba Wax, Beeswax, Pumpkin Seed Oil, and UV Filters. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Chin Chu
- Department of Food Science with Nutrition, Faculty of Applied SciencesUCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
| | - Zafarizal Aldrin Bin Azizul Hasan
- Consumer Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology DivisionMalaysian Palm Oil Board Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000 Malaysia
| | - Siaw Kim Chua
- Consumer Product Development Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology DivisionMalaysian Palm Oil Board Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000 Malaysia
| | - Kar Lin Nyam
- Department of Food Science with Nutrition, Faculty of Applied SciencesUCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
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Chu CC, Tan CP, Nyam KL. Development of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Using Pumpkin and Kenaf Seed Oils with Potential Photoprotective and Antioxidative Properties. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Chin Chu
- Department of Food Science with NutritionFaculty of Applied SciencesUCSI UniversityKuala Lumpur56000Malaysia
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food TechnologyFaculty of Food Science and TechnologyUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang43400SelangorMalaysia
| | - Kar Lin Nyam
- Department of Food Science with NutritionFaculty of Applied SciencesUCSI UniversityKuala Lumpur56000Malaysia
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