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Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
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Potassium and 12‐tungstophosphoric acid loaded alumina as heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification as well as transesterification of waste cooking oil in a single pot. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Postaue N, Mello BTF, Cardozo‐Filho L, da Silva C. Use of the Product from Low Pressure Extraction (Crambe Seed Oil and Methyl Acetate) for Synthesis of Methyl Esters and Triacetin Under Supercritical Conditions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najla Postaue
- Programa de Pós‐Graduacao em Engenharia Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) Av. Colombo 5790 Maringá Paraná 87020‐900 Brazil
| | - Bruna Tais Ferreira Mello
- Programa de Pós‐Graduacao em Engenharia Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) Av. Colombo 5790 Maringá Paraná 87020‐900 Brazil
| | - Lúcio Cardozo‐Filho
- Programa de Pós‐Graduacao em Engenharia Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) Av. Colombo 5790 Maringá Paraná 87020‐900 Brazil
| | - Camila da Silva
- Programa de Pós‐Graduacao em Engenharia Química Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) Av. Colombo 5790 Maringá Paraná 87020‐900 Brazil
- Departamento de Tecnologia Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) A. Angelo Moreira da Fonseca 180 Umuarama Paraná 87506‐370 Brazil
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