A simulated auto-thermal membrane reformer process for a PEM fuel cell micro cogeneration unit

Cold damage from wax deposition in a shallow, low-temperature, and high-wax reservoir in Changchunling Oilfield

Wax deposition is an important factor that influences oil production for high-wax crude oilfield. There are few studies on the formation damage by wax deposition, especially cold damage to the shallow low-temperature reservoir. With laboratory tests conducted on reservoir oil and cores of Changchunling Oilfield, this study aims to experimentally investigate the influence of temperature variations on characteristics of oil–water percolation and cold damage mechanisms, as well as the relative permeability of high-wax reservoirs. Experimental results show that seepage flow of high-wax crude is significantly sensitive to temperature-wax deposition evidently increases, whereas the cold damage such as the pore-throat radius and relative permeability sharply decrease with the decline in formation temperature. The research results can be applied to enhance oil recovery of high-viscosity or high-wax oilfields.