1
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Castro J, Westworth X, Shrestha R, Yokoyama K, Guan Z. Efficient and Robust Dynamic Crosslinking for Compatibilizing Immiscible Mixed Plastics through In Situ Generated Singlet Nitrenes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406203. [PMID: 38848581 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Creating a sustainable economy for plastics demands the exploration of new strategies for efficient management of mixed plastic waste. The inherent incompatibility of different plastics poses a major challenge in plastic mechanical recycling, resulting in phase-separated materials with inferior mechanical properties. Here, this study presents a robust and efficient dynamic crosslinking chemistry that effectively compatibilizes mixed plastics. Composed of aromatic sulfonyl azides, the dynamic crosslinker shows high thermal stability and generates singlet nitrene species in situ during solvent-free melt-extrusion, effectively promoting C─H insertion across diverse plastics. This new method demonstrates successful compatibilization of binary polymer blends and model mixed plastics, enhancing mechanical performance and improving phase morphology. It holds promise for managing mixed plastic waste, supporting a more sustainable lifecycle for plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xavier Westworth
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Roman Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kosuke Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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2
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Ciccia NR, Shi JX, Pal S, Hua M, Malollari KG, Lizandara-Pueyo C, Risto E, Ernst M, Helms BA, Messersmith PB, Hartwig JF. Diverse functional polyethylenes by catalytic amination. Science 2023; 381:1433-1440. [PMID: 37769088 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg6093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Functional polyethylenes possess valuable bulk and surface properties, but the limits of current synthetic methods narrow the range of accessible materials and prevent many envisioned applications. Instead, these materials are often used in composite films that are challenging to recycle. We report a Cu-catalyzed amination of polyethylenes to form mono- and bifunctional materials containing a series of polar groups and substituents. Designed catalysts with hydrophobic moieties enable the amination of linear and branched polyethylenes without chain scission or cross-linking, leading to polyethylenes with otherwise inaccessible combinations of functional groups and architectures. The resulting materials possess tunable bulk and surface properties, including toughness, adhesion to metal, paintability, and water solubility, which could unlock applications for functional polyethylenes and reduce the need for complex composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicodemo R Ciccia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jake X Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Subhajit Pal
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mutian Hua
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Katerina G Malollari
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Eugen Risto
- BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Brett A Helms
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Phillip B Messersmith
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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3
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Sample CS, Kellstedt EA, Hillmyer MA. Tandem ROMP/Hydrogenation Approach to Hydroxy-Telechelic Linear Polyethylene. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:608-614. [PMID: 35570818 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy-telechelic polyalkenamers have long been synthesized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) in the presence of an acyclic olefin chain-transfer agent (CTA); however, this route typically requires protected diols in the CTA due to the challenge of alcohol-mediated degradation of ruthenium metathesis catalysts that can not only deactivate the catalysts, but also compromise the CTA. We demonstrate the synthesis and implementation of a new hydroxyl-containing CTA in which extended methylene spacers isolate the olefin and alcohol moieties to mitigate decomposition pathways. This CTA enabled the direct ROMP synthesis of hydroxy-telechelic polycyclooctene with controlled chain lengths dictated by the initial ratio of monomer to CTA. The elimination of protection/deprotection steps resulted in improved atom economy. Subsequent hydrogenation of the backbone olefins was performed by a one-pot, catalytic approach employing the ruthenium complex used for the initial ROMP. The resultant approach is a streamlined, atom-economic, and low-waste route to hydroxy-telechelic linear polyethylene that uses a green solvent, succeeds with miniscule quantities of catalyst (0.005 mol %), and requires no additional purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S. Sample
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Kellstedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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4
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Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Facile, scalable, and universal modification strategy of polyolefin utilizing noncatalytic C H insertion capability of azide: Sulfonyl azide end-functionalized polystyrene to modify polyethylene. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Plummer CM, Li L, Chen Y. The post-modification of polyolefins with emerging synthetic methods. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective highlights the present state of polyolefin post-modification research, especially concerning recently developed C–H functionalization chemistry. Remaining challenges and emerging strategies within the field have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Plummer
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
| | - Le Li
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
- School of Chemistry
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
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7
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Plummer CM, Zhou H, Li S, Zhong H, Sun Z, Bariashir C, Sun WH, Huang H, Liu L, Chen Y. A direct functionalization of polyolefins for blend compatibilization by an insertion of 1,1-bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene (BPSE). Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00599d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A mild post-modification of polyethylene (PE) & polypropylene (PP) to insert phenylsulfonyl groups is reported, the modified samples demonstrated to act as blend compatibilizers.
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8
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Hernández-Ortiz JC, Van Steenberge PHM, Reyniers MF, Marin GB, D'hooge DR, Duchateau JNE, Remerie K, Toloza C, Vaz AL, Schreurs F. Modeling the reaction event history and microstructure of individual macrospecies in postpolymerization modification. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Hernández-Ortiz
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent; Belgium
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent; Belgium
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent; Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent; Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT); Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent; Belgium
- Ghent University, Centre for Textile Science and Engineering; Technologiepark 907, B-9052 Gent; Belgium
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9
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Zhou H, Wang S, Huang H, Li Z, Plummer CM, Wang S, Sun WH, Chen Y. Direct Amination of Polyethylene by Metal-Free Reaction. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Houbo Zhou
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huahua Huang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Christopher M. Plummer
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Key
Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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10
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Bagwell CL, Leonard DML, Griffiths JP, Moloney MG, Stratton NJ, Travers DP. Post-Polymerization Modification of Materials using Diaryldiazomethanes: Changes to Surface Macroscopic Properties. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Bagwell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory; The University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - David M. L. Leonard
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory; The University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jon-Paul Griffiths
- Oxford Advanced Surfaces Group Plc, Begbroke Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park; Sandy Lane Yarnton OX5 1PF UK
| | - Mark G. Moloney
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory; The University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Nick J. Stratton
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory; The University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Daniel P. Travers
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory; The University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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11
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Li Q, Tzoganakis C. Functionalization of PP with Sulfonyl Azide through Reactive Processing. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The functionalization of polypropylene (PP) by 4-carboxybenzene sulfonyl azide (CBSA) was investigated in a batch mixer and the reaction was monitored through FTIR, 1H-NMR and XPS spectroscopy. The degree of grafting was found to increase initially with azide feed content and subsequently to level off at azide concentrations of 2 wt.%. Experiments performed at different reaction temperatures showed that a maximum degree of grafting was obtained around 190°C. The linear viscoelastic properties the functionalized PPs were also evaluated by oscillatory shear measurements and were found to correlate with the grafting degree results. Finally, the adhesive properties of the functionalized PPs were evaluated through peel tests on aluminum substrates. The peel strength increased with the degree of grafting and it was found to be significantly higher for purified samples than for non-purified ones. Finally, it was demonstrated that the cooling rate of the PP/aluminum laminate specimens had a major effect on the peel strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. Tzoganakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Zielińska AJ, Noordermeer JWM, Talma AG, Peters R, Van Duin M. CROSS-LINKING OF SATURATED ELASTOMERS WITH DI-AZIDES. PART II: MECHANISTIC STUDY. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.5254/1.3577546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the first part, one di-sulfonyl azide: 1,3BDSA, and two di-azidoformates: GDAF and 4,4′DAF, were selected and extensively investigated as curing agents for EP(D)M rubbers. Although the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates vary significantly with the particular di-azide used, all of them act as effective curing agents compared to a peroxide/coagent curing system. To explain the differences in properties as well as to obtain a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanism, model compound experiments are performed with 4-methylheptane as substitute for the saturated ethylene–propylene copolymer rubber backbone. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry as analytical tools, a basic understanding of the reaction mechanisms between sulfonyl azide and azidoformate functionalities and saturated hydrocarbons is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Zielińska
- 1UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE, DEPARTMENT OF ELASTOMER TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS
- 4DUTCH POLYMER INSTITUTE (DPI), EINDHOVEN, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - J. W. M. Noordermeer
- 1UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE, DEPARTMENT OF ELASTOMER TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS
- 4DUTCH POLYMER INSTITUTE (DPI), EINDHOVEN, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - A. G. Talma
- 1UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE, DEPARTMENT OF ELASTOMER TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS
- 4DUTCH POLYMER INSTITUTE (DPI), EINDHOVEN, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - R. Peters
- 2DSM Resolve, GELEEN, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - M. Van Duin
- 3DSM Research BV, GELEEN, THE NETHERLANDS
- 4DUTCH POLYMER INSTITUTE (DPI), EINDHOVEN, THE NETHERLANDS
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13
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Zielińska AJ, Noordermeer JWM, Talma AG, Van Duin M. CROSSLINKING OF SATURATED ELASTOMERS WITH DIAZIDES. PART I: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF VULCANIZATES. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.5254/1.3577536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For vulcanization of fully saturated elastomers peroxide/coagent systems are commonly applied. Problems encountered with peroxides however, are reduced efficiency, especially in the presence of plasticizing oils, and unwanted side reactions. In this paper diazides are presented as alternatives to peroxide vulcanization systems, particularly in combination with the use of plasticizing oils. The performance of three diazides; tri(ethylene glycol)-di(azidoformate) (GDAF), 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenyl azidoformate (4,4′DAF) and 1,3-benzenedisulfonyl azide (1,3BDSA) is investigated. For the evaluation of the practical product performance, carbon black filled and oil extended compounds of EPM and EPDM-rubbers are used. It is also investigated how the presence of carbon black and plasticizing oil influences the diazide reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Zielińska
- 1UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE, DEPARTMENT OF ELASTOMER TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS
- 3DUTCH POLYMER INSTITUTE (DPI), EINDHOVEN, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - J. W. M. Noordermeer
- 1UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE, DEPARTMENT OF ELASTOMER TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS
- 3DUTCH POLYMER INSTITUTE (DPI), EINDHOVEN, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - A. G. Talma
- 1UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE, DEPARTMENT OF ELASTOMER TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS
- 3DUTCH POLYMER INSTITUTE (DPI), EINDHOVEN, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - M. Van Duin
- 2DSM RESEARCH BV, GELEEN, THE NETHERLANDS
- 3DUTCH POLYMER INSTITUTE (DPI), EINDHOVEN, THE NETHERLANDS
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14
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Control of macromolecular architecture during the reactive functionalization in the melt of olefin polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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