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Hernández-Fernández J, Martinez-Trespalacios J, Marquez E. Development of a Measurement System Using Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflectance, Principal Component Analysis and Artificial Intelligence for the Safe Quantification of the Nucleating Agent Sorbitol in Food Packaging. Foods 2024; 13:1200. [PMID: 38672873 PMCID: PMC11049462 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sorbitol derivatives and other additives are commonly used in various products, such as packaging or food packaging, to improve their mechanical, physical, and optical properties. To accurately and precisely evaluate the efficacy of adding sorbitol-type nucleating agents to these articles, their quantitative determination is essential. This study systematically investigated the quantification of sorbitol-type nucleating agents in food packaging made from impact copolymers of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) together with analysis of principal components (PCA) and machine learning algorithms. The absorption spectra revealed characteristic bands corresponding to the C-O-C bond and hydroxyl groups attached to the cyclohexane ring of the molecular structure of sorbitol, providing crucial information for identifying and quantifying sorbitol derivatives. PCA analysis showed that with the selected FTIR spectrum range and only the first two components, 99.5% of the variance could be explained. The resulting score plot showed a clear pattern distinguishing different concentrations of the nucleating agent, affirming the predictability of concentrations based on an impact copolymer. The study then employed machine learning algorithms (NN, SVR) to establish prediction models, evaluating their quality using metrics such as RMSE, R2, and RMSECV. Hyperparameter optimization was performed, and SVR showed superior performance, achieving near-perfect predictions (R2 = 0.9999) with an RMSE of 0.100 for both calibration and prediction. The chosen SVR model features two hidden layers with 15 neurons each and uses the Adam algorithm, balanced precision, and computational efficiency. The innovative ATR-FTIR coupled SVR model presented a novel and rapid approach to accurately quantify sorbitol-type nucleating agents in polymer production processes for polymer research and in the analysis of nucleating agent derivatives. The analytical performance of this method surpassed traditional methods (PCR, NN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Hernández-Fernández
- Chemistry Program, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, San Pablo Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
- Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Chemical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar, Parque Industrial y Tecnológico Carlos Vélez Pombo, Km 1 Vía Turbaco, Turbaco 130001, Colombia;
| | - Jose Martinez-Trespalacios
- Chemical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar, Parque Industrial y Tecnológico Carlos Vélez Pombo, Km 1 Vía Turbaco, Turbaco 130001, Colombia;
- Facultad de Arquitectura e Ingeniería, Institución Universitaria Mayor de Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
| | - Edgar Marquez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Química Y Biología, Departamento de Química Y Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
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Iwasaki S, Inoue M, Takei Y, Nishikawa R, Yamaguchi M. Modulus enhancement of polypropylene by sorbitol nucleating agent in flow field. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Iwasaki
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
- Research & Development Department, Research & Development Division New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd. Kyoto Japan
| | - Mitsuko Inoue
- Research & Development Department, Research & Development Division New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd. Kyoto Japan
| | - Yurie Takei
- Research & Development Department, Research & Development Division New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd. Kyoto Japan
| | - Riho Nishikawa
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
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3
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Liu X, Liu X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Xie X, Li K, Chen Z, Zhang L, Tang Z, Liu Z. Nanoengineering of transparent polypropylene containing sorbitol-based clarifier. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhang YF, Zhou PZ, Mao JJ, Liu N. Influences of octamethylenedicarboxylic dibenzoylhydrazide on crystallization, melting behaviors, and properties of isotactic polypropylene. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Preparation and nucleation effects of nucleating agent hexahydrophthalic acid metal salts for isotactic polypropylene. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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The relationship between crystal structure and nucleation effect of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid tris(phenylamide) in isotactic polypropylene. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Simanke AG, Azeredo APD, Lemos CD, Mauler RS. Influence of nucleating agent on the crystallization kinetics and morphology of polypropylene. POLIMEROS 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang YF, Guo LH, Chen H, Liu BB, Gu YH. Properties and Crystallization Behaviors of Isotactic Polypropylene Under Action of an Effective Nucleating Agent. J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1060404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Chen G, Feng B, Zhu K, Zhao Y, Yuan X. Effect of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and sorbitol on properties of isotactic polypropylene. Chem Res Chin Univ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-015-4394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Sternbauer L, Dieplinger J, Buchberger W, Marosits E. Determination of nucleating agents in plastic materials by GC/MS after microwave-assisted extraction with in situ microwave-assisted derivatization. Talanta 2014; 128:63-8. [PMID: 25059131 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the analysis of sorbitol-based nucleating and clarifying agents (NCAs) used as additives for polyolefin-based materials by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), employing a highly reliable and efficient sample preparation methodology applying microwave irradiation. A derivatization by silylation of the analytes was done to improve the GC-suitability of the analytes. After successful optimization of the conditions for a microwave-assisted derivatization (MAD), the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of the analytes from polymer samples was investigated. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) turned out to be the best extraction solvent, as poorly soluble analytes show the highest solubility in this solvent and THF supports the silylation after extraction. This two-step approach and subsequent chromatographic determination resulted in reproducibilities from approximately 2% up to 6% and recoveries from 95.8% up to 104.2% in real samples. In order to reduce the number of sample preparation steps a one-step approach was investigated and optimized, in which MAE and MAD were carried out simultaneously. The developed procedure resulted in remarkably better repeatabilities ranging from 0.05% up to 4% and reproducibilities of up to 10%. The recoveries matched those obtained with the two-step process. Linearities could be achieved in both approaches with R(2) better than 0.99 for all selected analytes over two orders of magnitude. All data indicate the suitability of both presented methods for the reliable determination of sorbitol-based NCAs in polyolefin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sternbauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Johanna Dieplinger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Edit Marosits
- Anton Paar GmbH, Anton-Paar-Strasse 20, 8054 Graz, Austria
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Pandey P, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Influence of thermally induced, dehydroxylated nanoclay on polymer nanocomposites. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Effects of nucleating agent 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid tris(cyclohexylamide) on properties and crystallization behaviors of isotactic polypropylene. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-3098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Katsuno S, Yoshinaga M, Kitade S, Sanada Y, Akiba I, Sakurai K, Masunaga H. Crystallization kinetics of polypropylene containing a sorbitol nucleating agent. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Yi QF, Wen XJ, Niu H, Dong JY. How does a polymerized compounding affect the nucleation effect of a sorbitol derivative nucleating agent in isotactic polypropylene melt crystallization? J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Naffakh M, Marco C, Ellis G. Novel Polypropylene/Inorganic Fullerene-like WS2 Nanocomposites Containing a β-Nucleating Agent: Isothermal Crystallization and Melting Behavior. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:1788-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2099703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Naffakh
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Marco
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gary Ellis
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Li Z, Lv R, Na B, Tian N, Zou S. Nucleator-Enhanced Molecular Orientation and Crystallization in Melt-Spun Monofilaments of Syndiotactic Polypropylene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2011.565279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Li
- a Key Laboratory of Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Fundamental Science for National Defense , School of Biology, Chemistry and Material Science, East China Institute of Technology , Fuzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Lv
- a Key Laboratory of Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Fundamental Science for National Defense , School of Biology, Chemistry and Material Science, East China Institute of Technology , Fuzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Na
- a Key Laboratory of Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Fundamental Science for National Defense , School of Biology, Chemistry and Material Science, East China Institute of Technology , Fuzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Tian
- a Key Laboratory of Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Fundamental Science for National Defense , School of Biology, Chemistry and Material Science, East China Institute of Technology , Fuzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Shufen Zou
- a Key Laboratory of Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Fundamental Science for National Defense , School of Biology, Chemistry and Material Science, East China Institute of Technology , Fuzhou , People's Republic of China
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Zeng A, Zheng Y, Qiu S, Guo Y. Isothermal crystallization and melting behavior of polypropylene with lanthanum complex of cyclodextrin derivative as a β-nucleating agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Effect of final heating temperature on crystallization of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with an aryl amide derivative as β-form nucleating agent. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-011-1031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang YF, Chang Y, Li X, Xie D. Nucleation Effects of a Novel Nucleating Agent Bicyclic [2,2,1] Heptane Di-carboxylate in Isotactic Polypropylene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222341003648995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fei Zhang
- a School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation , Changsha University of Science & Technology , Changsha, China
| | - Yao Chang
- a School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation , Changsha University of Science & Technology , Changsha, China
| | - Xun Li
- a School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation , Changsha University of Science & Technology , Changsha, China
| | - Dan Xie
- a School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation , Changsha University of Science & Technology , Changsha, China
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Zhang YF, Luo XZ, Chang Y, Zhou T. Non-Isothermal Crystallization Behaviors of Isotactic Polypropylene with and without 1,3:2,4-Bis(3,4-Dimethylbenzylidene) Sorbitol as a Nucleating Agent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2010.510111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Li X, Zhang YF, Xie D. Effects of Bicyclic [2,2,1] Heptane Di-carboxylate on Properties, Crystallization, and Melting Behaviors of Isotactic Polypropylene. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660903086888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Huang JW. Dispersion, crystallization kinetics, and parameters of Hoffman-Lauritzen theory of polypropylene and nanoscale calcium carbonate composite. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Bernland K, Tervoort T, Smith P. Phase behavior and optical- and mechanical properties of the binary system isotactic polypropylene and the nucleating/clarifying agent 1,2,3-trideoxy-4,6:5,7-bis-O-[(4-propylphenyl) methylene]-nonitol. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Bai H, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Liu L, Zhou Z. A comparative study of polypropylene nucleated by individual and compounding nucleating agents. I. Melting and isothermal crystallization. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Zhang YF. Comparison of Nucleation Effects of Organic Phosphorous and Sorbitol Derivative Nucleating Agents in Isotactic Polypropylene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340802403412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fei Zhang
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Changsha University of Science and Technology , Changsha, 410076, China
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Zhang YF. Isothermal Crystallization Behaviors of Isotactic Polypropylene Nucleated with the Third Generation Sorbitol Derivative Nucleating Agents. J MACROMOL SCI B 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340802119414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fei Zhang
- a School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Changsha University of Science and Technology , Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Bai H, Wang Y, Song B, Li Y, Liu L. Detecting crystallization structure evolution of polypropylene injection‐molded bar induced by nucleating agent. POLYM ENG SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Fanegas N, Gómez M, Marco C, Jiménez I, Ellis G. Influence of a nucleating agent on the crystallization behaviour of isotactic polypropylene and elastomer blends. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Shi J. Hierarchy crystallization structure of a polypropylene random copolymer injection-molded bar induced by a nucleating agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Fanegas N, Gómez M, Jiménez I, Marco C, Garcia-Martínez J, Ellis G. Optimizing the balance between impact strength and stiffness in polypropylene/elastomer blends by incorporation of a nucleating agent. POLYM ENG SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Phase behavior, nucleation and optical properties of the binary system isotactic polypropylene/N,N′,N″-tris-isopentyl-1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxamide. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Blomenhofer M, Ganzleben S, Hanft D, Schmidt HW, Kristiansen M, Smith P, Stoll K, Mäder D, Hoffmann K. “Designer” Nucleating Agents for Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0473317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Qiao WQ, Fan XD, Kong J, Xie YC, Si QF, Wang SJ, Liu YY. Synthesis and characterization of side-chain liquid-crystalline polymers and study of their role in the crystallization of high-density polyethylene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Isothermal crystallisation of iPP/Vectra blends by DSC and simultaneous SAXS and WAXS measurements employing synchrotron radiation. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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