1
|
Yang L, Zhang Y, Cai W, Tan J, Hansen H, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhu M, Mu J. Electrochemically-driven actuators: from materials to mechanisms and from performance to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5956-6010. [PMID: 38721851 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00906h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Soft actuators, pivotal for converting external energy into mechanical motion, have become increasingly vital in a wide range of applications, from the subtle engineering of soft robotics to the demanding environments of aerospace exploration. Among these, electrochemically-driven actuators (EC actuators), are particularly distinguished by their operation through ion diffusion or intercalation-induced volume changes. These actuators feature notable advantages, including precise deformation control under electrical stimuli, freedom from Carnot efficiency limitations, and the ability to maintain their actuated state with minimal energy use, akin to the latching state in skeletal muscles. This review extensively examines EC actuators, emphasizing their classification based on diverse material types, driving mechanisms, actuator configurations, and potential applications. It aims to illuminate the complicated driving mechanisms of different categories, uncover their underlying connections, and reveal the interdependencies among materials, mechanisms, and performances. We conduct an in-depth analysis of both conventional and emerging EC actuator materials, casting a forward-looking lens on their trajectories and pinpointing areas ready for innovation and performance enhancement strategies. We also navigate through the challenges and opportunities within the field, including optimizing current materials, exploring new materials, and scaling up production processes. Overall, this review aims to provide a scientifically robust narrative that captures the current state of EC actuators and sets a trajectory for future innovation in this rapidly advancing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yiyao Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wenting Cai
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junlong Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Heather Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- Shanghai Dianji University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Jiuke Mu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li F, Nguyen GTM, Vancaeyzeele C, Vidal F, Plesse C. Healable Ionoelastomer Designed from Polymeric Ionic Liquid and Vitrimer Chemistry. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:529-541. [PMID: 36686061 PMCID: PMC9844214 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for all-solid flexible, stretchable, and wearable devices has boosted the need for liquid-free and stretchable ionoelastomers. These ionic conducting materials are subjected to repeated deformations during functioning, making them susceptible to damage. Thus, imparting cross-linked materials with healing ability seems particularly promising to improve their durability. Here, a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) bearing allyl functional groups was synthesized based on the quaternization of N-allylimidazole with a copolymer rubber of poly(epichlorohydrin) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The resulting PIL was then cross-linked with dynamic boronic ester cross-linkers 2,2'-(1,4-Phenylene)-bis[4-mercaptan-1,3,2-dioxaborolane] (BDB) through thiol-ene "click" photoaddition. PEO dangling chains were additionally introduced for acting as free volume enhancers. The properties of the resulting all-solid PIL networks were investigated by tuning dynamic cross-linkers and dangling chain contents. Adjusting the cross-linker and dangling chain quantities yielded soft (0.2 MPa), stretchable (300%), and highly conducting ionoelastomers (1.6 × 10-5 S·cm-1 at 30 °C). The associative exchange reaction between BDB endowed these materials with vitrimer properties such as healing and recyclability. The recycled materials were able to retain their original mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. These healable PIL networks display a great potential for applications requiring solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, healing ability, and reprocessability.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cao D, Martinez JG, Hara ES, Jager EWH. Biohybrid Variable-Stiffness Soft Actuators that Self-Create Bone. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107345. [PMID: 34877728 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the dynamic process of initial bone development, in which a soft tissue turns into a solid load-bearing structure, the fabrication, optimization, and characterization of bioinduced variable-stiffness actuators that can morph in various shapes and change their properties from soft to rigid are hereby presented. Bilayer devices are prepared by combining the electromechanically active properties of polypyrrole with the compliant behavior of alginate gels that are uniquely functionalized with cell-derived plasma membrane nanofragments (PMNFs), previously shown to mineralize within 2 days, which promotes the mineralization in the gel layer to achieve the soft to stiff change by growing their own bone. The mineralized actuator shows an evident frozen state compared to the movement before mineralization. Next, patterned devices show programmed directional and fixated morphing. These variable-stiffness devices can wrap around and, after the PMNF-induced mineralization in and on the gel layer, adhere and integrate onto bone tissue. The developed biohybrid variable-stiffness actuators can be used in soft (micro-)robotics and as potential tools for bone repair or bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Cao
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Jose G Martinez
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Emilio Satoshi Hara
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Edwin W H Jager
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jo A, Huet C, Naguib HE. Template-Assisted Self-Assembly of Conductive Polymer Electrodes for Ionic Electroactive Polymers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:837. [PMID: 32850715 PMCID: PMC7412994 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic electroactive polymers (ionic EAPs) can greatly aid in biomedical applications where micro-sized actuators are required for delicate procedures. Since these types of actuators generally require platinum or gold metallic electrodes, they tend to be expensive and susceptible to delamination. Previous research has solved this problem by replacing the metallic electrodes with conductive polymers (CP) and forming an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) between the conductive polymer (CP) and the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Since these actuators contain toxic ionic liquids, they are unsuitable for biological applications. In this study, we present a novel and facile method of fabricating a biocompatible and ionic liquid-free actuator that uses semi-IPN to hold the CP and Nafion-based SPE layers together. Surface activated fabrication treatment (SAFT) is applied to the precursor-Nafion membrane in order to convert the sulfonyl fluoride groups on the surface to sulfonate. Through template-assisted self-assembly, the CP electrodes from either polyaniline (PANI) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) interlock with the surface treated precursor-Nafion membrane so that no delamination can occur. The electrodes growth pattern, interfacial layer's thickness, and shape can be controlled by adjusting the SAFT concentration and duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clémence Huet
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Polytech Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hani E. Naguib
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu F, Xue Y, Xu J, Lu B. PEDOT-Based Conducting Polymer Actuators. Front Robot AI 2019; 6:114. [PMID: 33501129 PMCID: PMC7805747 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers, particularly poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its complex with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), provide a promising materials platform to develop soft actuators or artificial muscles. To date, PEDOT-based actuators are available in the field of bionics, biomedicine, smart textiles, microactuators, and other functional applications. Compared to other conducting polymers, PEDOT provides higher conductivity and chemical stability, lower density and operating voltages, and the dispersion of PEDOT with PSS further enriches performances in solubility, hydrophility, processability, and flexibility, making them advantageous in actuator-based applications. However, the actuators fabricated by PEDOT-based materials are still in their infancy, with many unknowns and challenges that require more comprehensive understanding for their current and future development. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of the actuation mechanisms, performance evaluation criteria, processing technologies and configurations, and the most recent progress of materials development and applications. Lastly, we also elaborate on future opportunities for improving and exploiting PEDOT-based actuators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faqi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Baoyang Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molina BG, Cuesta S, Besharatloo H, Roa JJ, Armelin E, Alemán C. Free-Standing Faradaic Motors Based on Biocompatible Nanoperforated Poly(lactic Acid) Layers and Electropolymerized Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29427-29435. [PMID: 31313896 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The electro-chemo-mechanical response of robust and flexible free-standing films made of three nanoperforated poly(lactic acid) (pPLA) layers separated by two anodically polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layers has been demonstrated. The mechanical and electrochemical properties of these films, which are provided by pPLA and PEDOT, respectively, have been studied by nanoindentation, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge assays. The unprecedented combination of properties obtained for this system is appropriated for its utilization as a Faradaic motor, also named artificial muscle. Application of square potential waves has shown important bending movements in the films, which can be repeated for more than 500 cycles without damaging its mechanical integrity. Furthermore, the actuator is able to push a huge amount of mass, as it has been proved by increasing the mass of the passive pPLA up to 328% while keeping the mass of electroactive PEDOT unaltered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda G Molina
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sergi Cuesta
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Hossein Besharatloo
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- CIEFMA-Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Eng. Metal·lúrgica , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Joan Josep Roa
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- CIEFMA-Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Eng. Metal·lúrgica , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE , Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya , C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering , Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Eduard Maristany 10-14 , 08019 Barcelona , Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Melling D, Martinez JG, Jager EWH. Conjugated Polymer Actuators and Devices: Progress and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808210. [PMID: 30907471 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs), as exemplified by polypyrrole, are intrinsically conducting polymers with potential for development as soft actuators or "artificial muscles" for numerous applications. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of these materials and the actuation mechanisms, aided by the development of physical and electrochemical models. Current research is focused on developing applications utilizing the advantages that CP actuators have (e.g., low driving potential and easy to miniaturize) over other actuating materials and on developing ways of overcoming their inherent limitations. CP actuators are available as films, filaments/yarns, and textiles, operating in liquids as well as in air, ready for use by engineers. Here, the milestones made in understanding these unique materials and their development as actuators are highlighted. The primary focus is on the recent progress, developments, applications, and future opportunities for improvement and exploitation of these materials, which possess a wealth of multifunctional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Melling
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jose G Martinez
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Edwin W H Jager
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khadka R, Zondaka Z, Kesküla A, Khorram MS, Khanh TT, Tamm T, Travas-Sejdic J, Kiefer R. Influence of solvent on linear polypyrrole-polyethylene oxide actuators. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Khadka
- Polymer Electronics Research Center, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland; Private Bag, 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Zane Zondaka
- IMS Lab; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Arko Kesküla
- IMS Lab; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Mahdi Safaei Khorram
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 511 Kehuajie, Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Tran Thien Khanh
- Conducting polymers in composites and applications Research Group; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- IMS Lab; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Electronics Research Center, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland; Private Bag, 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting polymers in composites and applications Research Group; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rasouli H, Naji L, Hosseini MG. 3D structured polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide (PPy/rGO)-based electrode ionic soft actuators with improved actuation performance. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00936h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile approach to fabricate 3D polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide (PPy/rGO)-based electrodes for Nafion-based ionic soft actuators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Rasouli
- Department of Chemistry
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Leila Naji
- Department of Chemistry
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Mir Ghasem Hosseini
- Electrochemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Chemistry Faculty
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Air-operating polypyrrole actuators based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes filled with poly(ethylene oxide) electrolytes. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Rasouli H, Naji L, Hosseini MG. Electrochemical and electromechanical behavior of Nafion-based soft actuators with PPy/CB/MWCNT nanocomposite electrodes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25771b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, as an alternative to precious platinum electrodes in IPMC actuators, PPy/CB/MWCNT electrode actuators were successfully fabricated by electropolymerization of PPy on both sides of the CB/MWCNT-coated Nafion membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Rasouli
- Department of Chemistry
- AmirKabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Leila Naji
- Department of Chemistry
- AmirKabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Mir Ghasem Hosseini
- Electrochemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Chemistry Faculty
- University of Tabriz
- Tabriz
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kerr-Phillips TE, Woehling V, Agniel R, Nguyen GTM, Vidal F, Kilmartin P, Plesse C, Travas-Sejdic J. Electrospun rubber fibre mats with electrochemically controllable pore sizes. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4249-4258. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00239g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive, elastomeric, microfiber mats that show controllable pore size variation upon electrochemical stimulation are produced from semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (s-IPNs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Kerr-Phillips
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre (PERC)
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Vincent Woehling
- LPPI-EA2528
- Institut des Materiaux
- Cergy-Pontoise cedex 95031
- France
| | - Remi Agniel
- LPPI-EA2528
- Institut des Materiaux
- Cergy-Pontoise cedex 95031
- France
| | | | - Frederic Vidal
- LPPI-EA2528
- Institut des Materiaux
- Cergy-Pontoise cedex 95031
- France
| | - Paul Kilmartin
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre (PERC)
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Cédric Plesse
- LPPI-EA2528
- Institut des Materiaux
- Cergy-Pontoise cedex 95031
- France
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre (PERC)
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martinez JG, Otero TF, Jager EWH. Effect of the electrolyte concentration and substrate on conducting polymer actuators. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:3894-904. [PMID: 24605916 DOI: 10.1021/la404353z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the electrolyte concentration (NaCl aqueous electrolyte) on the dimensional variations of films of polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate PPy(DBS) on Pt and Au wires was studied. Any parallel reaction that occurs during the redox polymeric reaction that drives the mechanical actuation, as detected from the coulovoltammetric responses, was avoided by using Pt wires as substrate and controlling the potential limits, thus significantly increasing the actuator lifetime. The NaCl concentration of the electrolyte, when studied by cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry, has a strong effect on the performance as well. A maximum expansion was achieved in 0.3 M aqueous solution. The consumed oxidation and reduction charges control the fully reversible dimensional variations: PPy(DBS) films are faradaic polymeric motors. Parallel to the faradaic exchange of the cations, osmotic, electrophoretic, and structural changes play an important role for the water exchange and volume change of PPy(DBS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose G Martinez
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII , Center for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI), Paseo Alfonso XIII, Aulario II, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Influence of the poly(ethylene oxide)/polybutadiene IPN morphology on the ionic conductivity of ionic liquid. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Park MJ, Choi I, Hong J, Kim O. Polymer electrolytes integrated with ionic liquids for future electrochemical devices. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
16
|
Otero T, Martinez J, Arias-Pardilla J. Biomimetic electrochemistry from conducting polymers. A review. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
17
|
Lv R, Sun Y, Yu F, Zhang H. Fabrication of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polysaccharide composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
18
|
Sensing and tactile artificial muscles from reactive materials. SENSORS 2010; 10:2638-74. [PMID: 22319265 PMCID: PMC3274195 DOI: 10.3390/s100402638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Films of conducting polymers can be oxidized and reduced in a reversible way. Any intermediate oxidation state determines an electrochemical equilibrium. Chemical or physical variables acting on the film may modify the equilibrium potential, so that the film acts as a sensor of the variable. The working potential of polypyrrole/DBSA (Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) films, oxidized or reduced under constant currents, changes as a function of the working conditions: electrolyte concentration, temperature or mechanical stress. During oxidation, the reactive material is a sensor of the ambient, the consumed electrical energy being the sensing magnitude. Devices based on any of the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers must act simultaneously as sensors of the working conditions. Artificial muscles, as electrochemical actuators constituted by reactive materials, respond to the ambient conditions during actuation. In this way, they can be used as actuators, sensing the surrounding conditions during actuation. Actuating and sensing signals are simultaneously included by the same two connecting wires.
Collapse
|
19
|
Brandell D, Kasemägi H, Aabloo A. Poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(butadiene) interpenetrated networks as electroactive polymers for actuators: A molecular dynamics study. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Mahadeva SK, Kim J, Kang KS, Kim HS, Park JM. Effect of poly(ethylene oxide)- poly(ethylene glycol) addition on actuation behavior of cellulose electroactive paper. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
21
|
Shaplov AS, Goujon L, Vidal F, Lozinskaya EI, Meyer F, Malyshkina IA, Chevrot C, Teyssié D, Odinets IL, Vygodskii YS. Ionic IPNs as novel candidates for highly conductive solid polymer electrolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
22
|
Juger J, Meyer F, Vidal F, Chevrot C, Teyssié D. Synthesis, polymerization and conducting properties of an ionic liquid-type anionic monomer. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Ivanchev SS. Fluorinated proton-conduction nafion-type membranes, the past and the future. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427208040010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
24
|
Self-supported semi-interpenetrating polymer networks for new design of electrochromic devices. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
25
|
Luo D, Li Y, Li W, Yang M. Synthesis and characterization of novel semi-interpenetrating polymer network electrolyte based on crosslinked P(GMA-co-AN)/PEO. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Plesse C, Vidal F, Gauthier C, Pelletier JM, Chevrot C, Teyssié D. Poly(ethylene oxide)/polybutadiene based IPNs synthesis and characterization. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks from Polymeric Imidazolium-type Ionic Liquid and polybutadiene. Polym Bull (Berl) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-006-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Plesse C, Vidal F, Randriamahazaka H, Teyssié D, Chevrot C. Synthesis and characterization of conducting interpenetrating polymer networks for new actuators. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
29
|
Laskar J, Vidal F, Fichet O, Gauthier C, Teyssié D. Synthesis and characterization of interpenetrating networks from polycarbonate and cellulose acetate butyrate. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|