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Das A, Banik BK. Microwave-induced biocatalytic reactions toward medicinally important compounds. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microwaves in the presence of enzymes are used to execute a number of reactions for the preparation of biologically active compounds. The success of microwave-induced enzymatic reactions depends on frequencies, field strength, waveform, duration, and modulation of the exposure. Enzymes under microwave irradiation become activated and this activation is sufficient to investigate simple to complex reactions that were not reported under these reaction conditions before. Enzymatic catalysis together with microwave technology and solvent-free chemical reaction is a nature-friendly procedure. The most interesting reactions that are performed by enzymes in the microwave are documented here with reference to examples that are related to medicinally active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Das
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University , Al Khobar 31952 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University , Al Khobar 31952 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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Sun F, Li C, Fu C, Zhou X, Luo J, Zou W, Qiu ZJ, Wu D. Tuning of Schottky Barrier Height at NiSi/Si Contact by Combining Dual Implantation of Boron and Aluminum and Microwave Annealing. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11040471. [PMID: 29565304 PMCID: PMC5951317 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopant-segregated source/drain contacts in a p-channel Schottky-barrier metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (SB-MOSFET) require further hole Schottky barrier height (SBH) regulation toward sub-0.1 eV levels to improve their competitiveness with conventional field-effect transistors. Because of the solubility limits of dopants in silicon, the requirements for effective hole SBH reduction with dopant segregation cannot be satisfied using mono-implantation. In this study, we demonstrate a potential solution for further SBH tuning by implementing the dual implantation of boron (B) and aluminum (Al) in combination with microwave annealing (MWA). By using such a method, not only has the lowest hole SBH ever with 0.07 eV in NiSi/n-Si contacts been realized, but also the annealing duration of MWA was sharply reduced to 60 s. Moreover, we investigated the SBH tuning mechanisms of the dual-implanted diodes with microwave annealing, including the dopant segregation, activation effect, and dual-barrier tuning effect of Al. With the selection of appropriate implantation conditions, the dual implantation of B and Al combined with the MWA technique shows promise for the fabrication of future p-channel SB-MOSFETs with a lower thermal budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chaochao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiangbiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wei Zou
- Process Application, Applied Materials, Inc., Gloucester, MA 01930, USA.
| | - Zhi-Jun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Dongping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Understanding the acceleration in the ring-opening of lactones delivered by microwave heating. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yamada S, Takasu A, Kawamura K. The effect of microwave irradiation on the kinetics and activation thermodynamics of ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamada
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kawamura
- Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.; 20-1 Kitasekiyama, Ohdaka Midori-ku Nagoya 459-8522 Japan
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Hayden S, Damm M, Kappe CO. On the Importance of Accurate Internal Temperature Measurements in the Microwave Dielectric Heating of Viscous Systems and Polymer Synthesis. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Liquid-phase dehydration of sorbitol under microwave irradiation in the presence of acidic resin catalysts. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-011-0389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sosnik A, Gotelli G, Abraham GA. Microwave-assisted polymer synthesis (MAPS) as a tool in biomaterials science: How new and how powerful. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ahmed H, Trathnigg B, Oliver Kappe C, Saf R. Characterization of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) by liquid chromatography under critical conditions: Influence of catalysts and reaction conditions on product composition. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moran IW, Jhaveri SB, Carter KR. Patterned layers of a semiconducting polymer via imprinting and microwave-assisted grafting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1176-1182. [PMID: 18651715 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Enhancements in both the rate and extent of grafting of poly(9,9'-n-dihexyl fluorene) (PDHF) onto flat and nanopatterned crosslinked photopolymer films are described. Reactivity of the surfaces toward grafting via the Yamamoto-type Ni(0)-mediated coupling reaction is increased by synthesizing and incorporating 2,7-dibromo-9-fluorenyl methacrylate (DBFM, 2) as a new grafting agent. Varying the concentration of surface-embedded DBFM is shown to control both overall graft formation and fluorescence with a maximum thickness of up to 30 nm and peak emission at 407 nm for 40 wt% loading. In addition, microwave irradiation is introduced as an effective means to drive graft formation and thus allows fabrication of PDHF-functionalized surfaces in as little as 30 min. Both forms of improvement are extended to DBFM-embedded, nanocontact-molded features ranging in size from 100 microm to 100 nm in width and 60 nm in height. Microwave-assisted grafting from these patterned surfaces produces fluorescent features as imaged by optical microscopy and a corresponding increase in feature height as measured by atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac W Moran
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Conte Center for Polymer Research, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Yang B, He H, Chen R, Ma L, Jia D. Microwave-Irradiated Ring-Opening Polymerization of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in the Presence of Water. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030801958812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Conner WC, Tompsett GA. How Could and Do Microwaves Influence Chemistry at Interfaces? J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:2110-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0775247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wm. Curtis Conner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Geoffrey A. Tompsett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Bardts M, Gonsior N, Ritter H. Polymer Synthesis and Modification by Use of Microwaves. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhang C, Liao L, Gong S. Synthesis of PLLA-MPEG Diblock Copolymers by Microwave-Assisted Copolymerization ofL-Lactide and Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li H, Liao L, Liu L. Kinetic Investigation into the Non-Thermal Microwave Effect on the Ring-Opening Polymerization ofɛ-Caprolactone. Macromol Rapid Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang C, Liao L, Gong S(S. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of PLLA-PEG-PLLA Triblock Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
In the past few years the use of microwave irradiation in polymer science has become a well-established technique to drive and promote chemical reactions. The main advantages of microwave heating are a strong reduction in reaction time and a high potential to contribute to green and sustainable chemistry. This article provides a short review of recent examples in the field of microwave-assisted polymer synthesis with special emphasis on radical polymerizations, step-growth polymerizations, ring-opening polymerizations, and polymer modifications.
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Liao L, Liu L, Zhang C, Gong S(S. Microwave-Assisted Ring-Opening Polymerization ofɛ-Caprolactone in the Presence of Ionic Liquid. Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li H, Liao L, Wang Q, Liu L. Flash-Heating-Enhanced Ring-Opening Polymerizations ofɛ-Caprolactone under Conventional Conditions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Open Tubular Monolith Formation and C18 Ligand Immobilization in Silica Capillary by Microwave Heating for Capillary Electrochromatography. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2006.27.9.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sinnwell S, Schmidt AM, Ritter H. Direct Synthesis of (Meth‐)acrylate Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) Macromonomers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320600575124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wiesbrock F, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. Microwave-Assisted Polymer Synthesis: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200400313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sivalingam G, Madras G. Modeling of Lipase Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone. Biomacromolecules 2003; 5:603-9. [PMID: 15003027 DOI: 10.1021/bm0344405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone by various lipases was investigated in toluene at various temperatures. The determination of molecular weight and structural identification was carried out with gel permeation chromatography and proton NMR, respectively. Among the various lipases employed, an immobilized lipase from Candida antartica B (Novozym 435) showed the highest catalytic activity. The polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone by Novozym 435 showed an optimal temperature of 65 degrees C and an optimum toluene content of 50/50 v/v of toluene and epsilon-caprolactone. As lipases can degrade polyesters, a maximum in the molecular weight with time was obtained due to the competition of ring opening polymerization and degradation by specific chain end scission. The optimum temperature, toluene content, and the variation of molecular weight with time are consistent with earlier observations. A comprehensive model based on continuous distribution kinetics was developed to model these phenomena. The model accounts for simultaneous polymerization, degradation and enzyme deactivation and provides a technique to determine the rate coefficients for these processes. The dependence of these rate coefficients with temperature and monomer concentration is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sivalingam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12, India
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