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Cona C, Bailey K, Barker E. Characterization Methods to Determine Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) in Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2050. [PMID: 39065367 PMCID: PMC11281017 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant developments have been achieved with the invention of hydrogels. They are effective in many fields such as wastewater treatment, food, agriculture, pharmaceutical applications, and drug delivery. Although hydrogels have been used successfully in these areas, there is a need to make them better for future applications. Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) can be created to make hydrogels more adjustable and suitable for a specific purpose. IPN formation is an innovative approach for polymeric systems. It brings two or more polymer networks together with entanglements. The properties of IPNs are controlled by its chemistry, crosslinking density, and morphology. Therefore, it is necessary to understand characterization methods in order to detect the formation of IPN structure and to develop the properties of hydrogels. In recent studies, IPN structure in hydrogels has been determined via chemical, physical, and mechanical methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and rheology methods. In this paper, these characterization methods will be explained, recent studies will be scrutinized, and the effectiveness of these methods to confirm IPN formation will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Barker
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (C.C.); (K.B.)
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Zhang Y, Fang W, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Chen S, Hu C, Liu J, Liu X. Electric field‐driven preparation of elastomer/plastic nanoparticles gradient films with enhanced damping property. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
- Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐Innovation Centre of Hubei ProvinceJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
- Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐Innovation Centre of Hubei ProvinceJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Yichun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
- Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐Innovation Centre of Hubei ProvinceJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
- Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐Innovation Centre of Hubei ProvinceJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Shaoyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
- Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐Innovation Centre of Hubei ProvinceJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Chenlong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
- Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐Innovation Centre of Hubei ProvinceJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
- Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐Innovation Centre of Hubei ProvinceJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
- Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co‐Innovation Centre of Hubei ProvinceJianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
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Sumey JL, Sarver JA, Kiran E. Foaming of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) multilayered thin films with supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Núñez-Pérez FA, González-Ortiz LJ, López-Dellamary Toral FA, Jasso-Gastinel CF. Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Emulsion Copolymers by Gradual Variation in Feed Composition. I: Effect of Particle Size in the Butyl Acrylate-Styrene System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2012.668656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Li S, Yang W. Fabrication of poly(acrylamide) hydrogels with gradient crosslinking degree via photoinitiation of thick polymer system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sergeeva LM, Gorbach LA. Gradient interpenetrating polymer networks: formation and properties. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1996v065n04abeh000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Synthesis and Characterization of Anionic Exchange Resins with a Gradient in Polymer Composition for the PS-co-DVB/PDEAMA-co-DVB System. Polym Bull (Berl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-007-0825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Agari Y, Anan Y, Nomura R, Kawasaki Y. Estimation of the compositional gradient in a PVC/PMMA graded blend prepared by the dissolution–diffusion method. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Agari Y, Sakai K, Kano Y, Nomura R. Preparation and properties of the biodegradable graded blend of poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(ethylene oxide). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jasso-Gastinel CF, Reyes-González I, López-Ureta LC, González-Ortiz LJ, Manero-Brito O. Mechanical Performance of Styrene-2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate Polymers Synthesized by Semicontinuous Emulsion Polymerization Varying Feed Composition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660600803940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Akovali G, Diamant J, Shen M. Polyblends of poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) and polystyrene. I. Mechanical properties. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222347708208757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Akovali
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - J. Diamant
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley, California, 94720
- b Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - M. Shen
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley, California, 94720
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Niinomi M, Akovali G, Shen M. Polyblends of poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) and polystyrene. II. Electron microscopy. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222347708208758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Niinomi
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley, California, 94720
- b Japan Synthetic Rubber Company , Kawasaki, Japan
| | - G. Akovali
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley, California, 94720
- c Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - M. Shen
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley, California, 94720
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Noblet G, Désilles N, Lecamp L, Lebaudy P, Bunel C. Gradient Structure Polymer Obtained from a Homogeneous Mixture: Synthesis and Mechanical Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nakanishi H, Namikawa N, Norisuye T, Tran-Cong-Miyata Q. Autocatalytic phase separation and graded co-continuous morphology generated by photocuring. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:149-156. [PMID: 32646141 DOI: 10.1039/b514887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) with spatially graded co-continuous structures were constructed by photo-cross-linking a homogeneous mixture of photo-reactive polystyrene and methyl methacrylate monomer. For a given thickness, irradiation with weak ultraviolet (UV) light results in a co-continuous morphology uniform throughout the sample. However, as the irradiation intensity increases to some certain extent, spatially graded co-continuous morphology in the micrometre scales emerges due to the significant effect of the gradient of the light intensity along the irradiation direction. These 3-dimensional graded structures were observed by using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and were analyzed by digital image analysis. The depth dependence of these graded structures can be well expressed by a power law with an exponent depending strongly on the irradiation intensity. The time-evolution of the graded morphology was monitored at different depths of the same irradiated sample. It was found that the phase separation does not follow conventional laws of kinetics, but instead exhibits the autocatalytic behavior, reflecting the effects of the heat produced by the photopolymerization of MMA monomer on the phase separation process. The experimental data obtained in this study suggest a method of producing polymeric materials with spatially graded structures in the micrometer scales by solely changing the irradiation intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Namikawa
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Tomohisa Norisuye
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Qui Tran-Cong-Miyata
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Jasso-Gastinel CF, López-Ureta LC, González-Ortiz LJ, Reyes-González I, López-Dellamary T. FA, Manero-Brito O. Synthesis and characterization of styrene-butyl acrylate polymers, varying feed composition in a semicontinuous emulsion process. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Shach-Caplan M, Narkis M, Silverstein MS. Modification of porous suspension-PVC particles by stabilizer-free aqueous dispersion polymerization of absorbed monomers. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Désilles N, Lecamp L, Lebaudy P, Bunel C. Elaboration of gradient structure materials from homogeneous system combining UV and thermal processes. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Désilles N, Lecamp L, Lebaudy P, Bunel C. Gradient structure materials from homogeneous system induced by UV photopolymerization. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abbasi F, Mirzadeh H, Katbab AA. Comparison of viscoelastic properties of polydimethylsiloxane/poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) IPNs with their physical blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jasso CF, Valdéz J, Pérez JH, Laguna O. Analysis of butyl acrylate diffusion in a glassy polystyrene matrix to predict gradient structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Milczarek P, Kryszewski M. Polyethylene-polystyrene gradient polymers. II. The swelling-induced crystallization in the PE-PS gradient polymers and modified by styrene LDPE samples. Colloid Polym Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01412501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yeo JK, Sperling LH, Thomas DA. Poly(n-Butyl acrylate)/polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks and related materials. II. Aspects of molecular mixing via modulus-temperature studies. POLYM ENG SCI 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760211111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hourston D, McCluskey J. Polymeric systems for acoustic damping: 2. Preparation and properties of a poly(vinyl isobutyl ether)—poly(methyl acrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks. POLYMER 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(79)90029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Neubauer E, Thomas D, Sperling L. Effect of decrosslinking and annealing on interpenetrating polymer networks prepared from poly(ethyl acrylate)/polystyrene combinations. POLYMER 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(78)90036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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