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Gigante V, Bosi L, Parlanti P, Gemmi M, Aliotta L, Lazzeri A. Analysis of the Damage Mechanism around the Crack Tip for Two Rubber-Toughened PLA-Based Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4053. [PMID: 34833352 PMCID: PMC8625029 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The toughening mechanisms of poly(lactic acid; PLA) blended with two different elastomers, namely poly (butylene adipate-co-terephtalate; PBAT) and polyolefin elastomers with grafted glycidyl methacrylate (POE-g-GMA), at 10 and 20 wt.%, were investigated. Tensile and Charpy impact tests showed a general improvement in the performance of the PLA. The morphology of the dispersed phases showed that PBAT is in the form of spheres while POE-g-GMA has a dual sphere/fibre morphology. To correlate the micromechanical deformation mechanism with the macroscopical mechanical behaviour, the analysis of the subcritical crack tip damaged zone of double-notched specimens subjected to a four-point bending test (according to the single-edge double-notch four-point bend (SEDN-4PB) technique) was carried out using several microscopic techniques (SEM, polarized TOM and TEM). The damage was mainly generated by shear yielding deformation although voids associated with dilatational bands were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.B.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Bosi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Paola Parlanti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Materials Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy; (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Materials Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy; (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.B.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.B.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Microdeformation and Fracture in Bulk Polyolefins. LONG TERM PROPERTIES OF POLYOLEFINS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/b13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Favier V, Giroud T, Strijko E, Hiver J, G'Sell C, Hellinckx S, Goldberg A. Slow crack propagation in polyethylene under fatigue at controlled stress intensity. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sabbagh A, Lesser A. Evaluating the energetics of dilatational band growth under biaxial loading conditions. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sabbagh AB, Lesser AJ. On the phenomena of deformation and neck formation in LLDPE films subjected to uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19990915)37:18<2651::aid-polb9>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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ARVANITOYANNIS IOANNISS. Totally and Partially Biodegradable Polymer Blends Based on Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules: Preparation, Physical Properties, and Potential as Food Packaging Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-100101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Arvanitoyannis I, Biliaderis CG, Ogawa H, Kawasaki N. Biodegradable films made from low-density polyethylene (LDPE), rice starch and potato starch for food packaging applications: Part 1. Carbohydr Polym 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(98)00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Biodegradable films made from low density polyethylene (LDPE), wheat starch and soluble starch for food packaging applications. Part 2. Carbohydr Polym 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(97)00032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Arvanitoyannis I, Psomiadou E, Biliaderis CG, Ogawa H, Kawasaki N, Nakayama A. Biodegradable Films Made from Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Ethylene Acrylic Acid (EAA), PolyCaprolactone (PCL) and Wheat Starch for Food Packaging Applications: Part 3. STARCH-STARKE 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19970490712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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