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Fu S, Wan Z, Lu W, Liu H, Zhang P, Yu B, Tan J, Pan F, Liu Z. High-accuracy virtual testing of air conditioner's digital twin focusing on key material's deformation and fracture behavior prediction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12432. [PMID: 35858976 PMCID: PMC9300695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of digital twin has been introduced for some time, yet one fundamental element of digital twin, digital material, has not been thoroughly studied. To interact with the physical product, the digital twin should always truthfully reflect the responses under various stimuli. In this paper, the deformation and fracture behavior of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) under the influencing factors of strain rate and stress triaxiality are studied to construct the material’s digital model. A digital twin of air conditioner product is further built and tested under virtual drop test. Comparing to experimental results, the acceleration curve, crazing induced whitening and the fracture events can all be captured by the digital twin. Our work demonstrates the importance of material characterization as an essential step to construct an accurate digital twin and shows a promising future of digital twin in virtual testing to replace traditional “trial and error” experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Fu
- Gree Electric Appliances, Inc., Zhuhai, China.,South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Air-Conditioning Equipment and System Energy Conservation, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhenping Wan
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Lu
- Gree Electric Appliances, Inc., Zhuhai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Air-Conditioning Equipment and System Energy Conservation, Zhuhai, China
| | - Huaican Liu
- Gree Electric Appliances, Inc., Zhuhai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Air-Conditioning Equipment and System Energy Conservation, Zhuhai, China
| | - Peng'e Zhang
- Gree Electric Appliances, Inc., Zhuhai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Air-Conditioning Equipment and System Energy Conservation, Zhuhai, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Gree Electric Appliances, Inc., Zhuhai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Air-Conditioning Equipment and System Energy Conservation, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianming Tan
- Gree Electric Appliances, Inc., Zhuhai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Air-Conditioning Equipment and System Energy Conservation, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Feng Pan
- Shanghai ShareFEA Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Shanghai ShareFEA Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Fracture Toughness of Moldable Low-Temperature Carbonized Elastomer-Based Composites Filled with Shungite and Short Carbon Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091793. [PMID: 35566962 PMCID: PMC9101356 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This work evaluated the fracture toughness of the low-temperature carbonized elastomer-based composites filled with shungite and short carbon fibers. The effects of the carbonization temperature and filler content on the critical stress intensity factor (K1c) were examined. The K1c parameter was obtained using three-point bending tests for specimens with different l/b ratio (notch depth to sample thickness) ranging from 0.2 to 0.4. Reliable detection of the initiation and propagation of cracks was achieved using an acoustic sensor was attached to the samples during the bending test. The critical stress intensity factor was found to decrease linearly with increasing carbonization temperature. As the temperature increased from 280 to 380 °C, the K1c parameter was drastically reduced from about 5 to 1 MPa·m1/2 and was associated with intense outgassing during the carbonization step that resulted in sample porosity. The carbon fiber addition led to some incremental toughening; however, it reduced the statistical dispersion of the K1c values.
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Lu ML, Chiou KC, Chang FC. Fracture toughness characterization of a PC/ABS blend under different strain rates by various J-integral methods. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tjong SC, Ke YC. Fracture toughening behavior and mechanical properties of polyphenylene oxide/high-impact polystyrene blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chiou KC, Chang FC, Mai YW. Impact specific essential work of fracture of compatibilized polyamide-6 (PA6)/poly(phenylene ether) (PPE) blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chiou KC, Chang FC, Mai YW. Fracture toughness characterizations of compatibilized polyamide-6 (PA6)/poly(phenylene ether) (PPE) blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-006-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sabbagh A, Lesser A. Evaluating the energetics of dilatational band growth under biaxial loading conditions. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lu ML, Chiou KC, Chang FC. Elastic-plastic fracture toughness of PC/ABS blend based on CTOD and J-integral methods. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)00227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lu ML, Lee CB, Chang FC. Fracture toughness of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene byJ-integral methods. POLYM ENG SCI 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760351803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lu ML, Chang FC. Optimum regression model and data-window on J-integral method based on hysteresis on PC/PBT blend. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01493429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fracture toughness of a polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blend by the ASTM E813 and hysteresis energy J integral methods: Effect of specimen thickness and side groove. POLYMER 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(95)91199-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Determination of Jc for a polycarbonate (PC)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) blend based on the analyses of multiple-specimen J—R curves. POLYMER 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(95)96831-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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