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Argaiz M, Aguirre M, Tomovska R. Towards improved performance of waterborne polymer dispersions through creation of dense ionic interparticle network within their films. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Xu K, Fan B, Putera K, Wawryk M, Wan J, Peng B, Banaszak Holl MM, Patti AF, Thang SH. Nanoparticle Surface Cross-Linking: A Universal Strategy to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of Latex Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bo Fan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Enabling Eco-Efficient Beneficiation of Minerals, Monash Node, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kevin Putera
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michaela Wawryk
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jing Wan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bo Peng
- BASF Advanced Chemicals Co., Ltd., R&D I, No. 300, Jiangxinsha Road, 200137 Shanghai, China
| | - Mark M. Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Antonio F. Patti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC-Industrial Transformation Training Centre - Green Chemistry in Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Enabling Eco-Efficient Beneficiation of Minerals, Monash Node, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Management and control of intraocular pressure applying macitentan hydrogel film formulation: improved effect of surfactant and cosurfactant system. Daru 2022; 30:39-47. [PMID: 34997568 PMCID: PMC9114230 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macitentan blocks endothelin receptors in order to control the pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Oral administration of macitentan is associated with painful urination and troubled breathing. OBJECTIVES Formulated macitentan hydrogel film was used for examining the control of intraocular pressure, and the effect of surfactant and cosurfactant was studied. METHODS Macitentan ocular film formulation has been prepared in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix system using different surfactant/co-surfactant system, and intraocular pressure was monitored on normotensive rabbit eyes after application in the cul-de-sac. RESULTS The solid state characterization of the film indicated amorphisation of macitentan and no issues regarding major incompatibility was observed. Combination of surfactant, co-surfactant and hydrophilic co-solvent systems in the said films markedly improved the drug release and mucosal tissue permeation. Presence of PEG and Transcutol significantly improved ex vivo corneal permeation of MP and MT respectively compared to other films. Transcutol (MT) exhibited greatest difference among the formulations by improving the vesicular bilayer fluidity and reducing the mucosal tissue barrier facilitating the transcorneal diffusion. A combination of diffusion and erosion control behavior was observed in drug release and corneal permeation of the films due to the balanced liquid penetration and polymeric chain relaxation rate. MP and MT films were used for further in vivo studies to achieve possible effective and prolonged control of intraocular pressure. In vivo study has revealed the reduction in intraocular pressure upto about 23 % when tested on normotensive rabbit model. The films has managed to lower the IOP upto 3 h. CONCLUSION Developed macitentan hydrogel film containing Transcutol (MT) could have a high potential for the control and management of ocular hypertension after topical application.
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Buglakov AI, Ivanov VA, Komarov PV, Zherenkova LV, Chiu YT. A Study of Films Based on Acrylic Copolymers: Mesoscopic Simulation. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x20030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu Y, Tran K, Zhou H, Heck A, Breul K, Emsermann J, Gonzalez-Alvarez MJ, Hoof L, Lu Y, Soleimani M, Winnik MA. Investigating Molecular Exchange between Partially Cross-Linked Polymer Particles Prepared by a Secondary Dispersion Process. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohsen Soleimani
- BASF Corporation, Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Wyandotte, Michigan 48192, United States
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Kas’yanenko I, Neskorozhena H, Kramarenko V. Influence of Filling on Water Uptake of Films Based on Water-Borne Coating Materials. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht12.04.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pearson S, Pavlovic M, Augé T, Torregrossa V, Szilagyi I, D’Agosto F, Lansalot M, Bourgeat-Lami E, Prévot V. Controlling the Morphology of Film-Forming, Nanocomposite Latexes Containing Layered Double Hydroxide by RAFT-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pearson
- CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, ICCF, UMR 6296, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA-Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marko Pavlovic
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Augé
- CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Valerian Torregrossa
- CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Istvan Szilagyi
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Biocolloids Research Group, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, 1 Rerrich Bela ter, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Franck D’Agosto
- CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elodie Bourgeat-Lami
- CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vanessa Prévot
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, ICCF, UMR 6296, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA-Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Humidity-Induced Phase Transitions of Surfactants Embedded in Latex Coatings Can Drastically Alter Their Water Barrier and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030284. [PMID: 30966319 PMCID: PMC6415026 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Latex coatings are environmentally friendly i.e., they are formed from aqueous polymer dispersions, are cheap to produce and provide exceptional mechanical properties. Therefore, they are ubiquitous and can be found in a wide range of different applications such as paints and varnishes, pressure-sensitive adhesives, textiles, construction materials, paper coatings and inks. However, they also have weaknesses and their surfactant content is among them. Surfactants are often needed to stabilize polymer particles in the aqueous latex dispersions. These surfactants also form part of the coatings formed from these dispersions, and it is well-known that they can lower their performance. This work further explores this aspect and focuses on the role that embedded surfactant domains play in the response of latex coatings to humid environments. For this purpose, we made use of several experimental techniques where humidity control was implemented: quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, atomic force microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. By means of this multimethodological approach, we report that surfactants embedded in latex coatings can undergo humidity-induced transitions towards more hydrated and softer phases, and that this results in a drastic decrease of the mechanical and water barrier properties of the whole coatings. Subsequently, this work highlights the potential of taking into account the phase behavior of surfactants when choosing which ones to use in the synthesis of latex dispersions as this would help in predicting their performance under different environmental conditions.
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One-Pot Synthesis of Waterborne Polymeric Dispersions Stabilized with Alkali-Soluble Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10010088. [PMID: 30966124 PMCID: PMC6415037 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkali-soluble resins (ASRs) are a type of electrosteric emulsifiers of high interest because they can profitably improve the features of waterborne dispersions. In this work, they have been synthesized in-situ through a one-pot approach and they have been used as polymeric surfactants for a second emulsion polymerization step in the same reactor. This strategy provides some advantages compared to other polymerization techniques, like the intensification of the process and the absence of organic solvents. Their use can also further reduce the environmental impact of formulations for film-forming applications, since grafting reactions with the particles have been observed and quantified in relation with the synthetic parameters. These chemical linkages with the particles may reduce the leaching and the release of surfactants from polymeric films, for example in water-based coatings or adhesives. The systems have been also studied from the kinetics point of view, finding relevant differences with other electrosterically stabilized processes from the literature, as well as concerns the nucleation mechanism.
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10
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Lesage de la Haye J, Martin-Fabiani I, Schulz M, Keddie JL, D’Agosto F, Lansalot M. Hydrophilic MacroRAFT-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization: Synthesis of Latexes for Cross-Linked and Surfactant-Free Films. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lesage de la Haye
- Univ
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre
1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ignacio Martin-Fabiani
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Malin Schulz
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Franck D’Agosto
- Univ
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre
1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre
1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Gonzalez-Alvarez MJ, Paternoga J, Breul K, Cho H, Roshandel MZ, Soleimani M, Winnik MA. Understanding particle formation in surfactant-free waterborne coatings prepared by emulsification of pre-formed polymers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Concern for the environment has been driving major changes in the coatings industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Paternoga
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - Hyungjun Cho
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - Mohsen Soleimani
- BASF Corporation
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research
- Wyandotte
- USA
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12
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Aguirreurreta Z, de la Cal JC, Leiza JR. Anionic Polymerizable Surfactants and Stabilizers in Emulsion Polymerization: A Comparative Study. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziortza Aguirreurreta
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila; Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - José C. de la Cal
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila; Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila; Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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13
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Liu Y, Gajewicz AM, Rodin V, Soer WJ, Scheerder J, Satgurunathan G, McDonald PJ, Keddie JL. Explanations for water whitening in secondary dispersion and emulsion polymer films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Physics; University of Surrey; Guildford GU2 7XH United Kingdom
| | - Agata M. Gajewicz
- Department of Physics; University of Surrey; Guildford GU2 7XH United Kingdom
| | - Victor Rodin
- NMR Center, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenbergerstraβe 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Willem-Jan Soer
- DSM Coating Resins B.V; R & D, Sluisweg 12 Waalwijk 5145 PE The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Scheerder
- DSM Coating Resins B.V; R & D, Sluisweg 12 Waalwijk 5145 PE The Netherlands
| | - Guru Satgurunathan
- DSM Coating Resins B.V; R & D, Sluisweg 12 Waalwijk 5145 PE The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. McDonald
- Department of Physics; University of Surrey; Guildford GU2 7XH United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department of Physics; University of Surrey; Guildford GU2 7XH United Kingdom
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Baesch S, Siebel D, Schmidt-Hansberg B, Eichholz C, Gerst M, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Comparison of Surfactant Distributions in Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Films Dried from Dispersion under Lab-Scale and Industrial Drying Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8118-8128. [PMID: 26953641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Film-forming latex dispersions are an important class of material systems for a variety of applications, for example, pressure-sensitive adhesives, which are used for the manufacturing of adhesive tapes and labels. The mechanisms occurring during drying have been under intense investigations in a number of literature works. Of special interest is the distribution of surfactants during the film formation. However, most of the studies are performed at experimental conditions very different from those usually encountered in industrial processes. This leaves the impact of the drying conditions and the resulting influence on the film properties unclear. In this work, two different 2-ethylhexyl-acrylate (EHA)-based adhesives with varying characteristics regarding glass transition temperature, surfactants, and particle size distribution were investigated on two different substrates. The drying conditions, defined by film temperature and mass transfer in the gas phase, were varied to emulate typical conditions encountered in the laboratory and industrial processes. Extreme conditions equivalent to air temperatures up to 250 °C in a belt dryer and drying rates of 12 g/(m(2)·s) were realized. The surfactant distributions were measured by means of 3D confocal Raman spectroscopy in the dry film. The surfactant distributions were found to differ significantly with drying conditions at moderate film temperatures. At elevated film temperatures the surfactant distributions are independent of the investigated gas side transport coefficients: the heat and mass transfer coefficient. Coating on substrates with significantly different surface energies has a large impact on surfactant concentration gradients, as the equilibrium between surface and bulk concentration changes. Dispersions with higher colloidal stability showed more homogeneous lateral surfactant distributions. These results indicate that the choice of the drying conditions, colloidal stability, and substrates is crucial to control the surfactant distribution. Results obtained under lab-scale drying conditions cannot be transferred directly to the industrial application. The results were similar for both tested adhesive material systems, despite their different properties. This indicates that other properties, such as the particle size distribution and glass transition temperature, have surprisingly little effect on the development of the surfactant distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baesch
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Siebel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | - P Scharfer
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Schabel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Liu Y, Soer WJ, Scheerder J, Satgurunathan G, Keddie JL. Water Vapor Sorption and Diffusion in Secondary Dispersion Barrier Coatings: A Critical Comparison with Emulsion Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12147-12157. [PMID: 25985183 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The conventional method for synthesizing waterborne polymer colloids is emulsion polymerization using surfactants. An emerging method is the use of secondary dispersions (SD) of polymers in water, which avoids the addition of any surfactant. Although there are numerous studies of the water barrier properties (sorption, diffusion, and permeability) of waterborne emulsion (Em) polymer coatings, the properties of SD coatings, in comparison, have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, dynamic water vapor sorption analysis is used to compare the equilibrium sorption isotherms of the two forms of styrene-acrylate copolymers (Em and SD) with the same monomer composition. From an analysis of the kinetics of vapor sorption, the diffusion coefficient of water in the polymer coatings is determined. The combined effects of particle boundaries and surfactant addition were investigated through a comparison of the properties of SD and Em coatings to those of (1) solvent-cast polymer coatings (of the same monomer composition), (2) Em polymers that underwent dialysis to partially remove the water-soluble species, and (3) SD polymers with added surfactants. The results reveal that both the particle boundaries and the surfactants increase vapor sorption. The diffusion coefficients of water are comparable in magnitude in all of the polymer systems but are inversely related to water activity because of molecular clustering. Compared to all of the other waterborne polymer systems, the SD barrier coatings show the lowest equilibrium vapor sorption and permeability coefficients at high relative humidities as well as the lowest water diffusion coefficient at low humidities. These barrier properties make SD coatings an attractive alternative to conventional emulsion polymer coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- †Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Willem-Jan Soer
- ‡DSM Coating Resins B.V. Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk 5145 PE, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Scheerder
- ‡DSM Coating Resins B.V. Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk 5145 PE, Netherlands
| | | | - Joseph L Keddie
- †Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
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Arnold C, Klein G, Maaloum M, Ernstsson M, Larsson A, Marie P, Holl Y. Surfactant distribution in waterborne acrylic films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Faucheu J, Chazeau L, Gauthier C, Cavaillé JY, Goikoetxea M, Minari R, Asua JM. Latex imaging by environmental STEM: application to the study of the surfactant outcome in hybrid alkyd/acrylate systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10251-10258. [PMID: 19537700 DOI: 10.1021/la901049h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among other uses, latexes are a successful alternative to solvent-borne binders for coatings. Efforts are made to produce hybrid nanostructured latexes containing an acrylic phase and an alkyd phase. However, after the film-forming process, the surfactant used to stabilize these latexes remains in the film, and its location can have a drastic effect on the application properties. Among the processing parameters, the alkyd hydrophobicity can strongly influence this location. This article aims at the imaging of these surfactant molecules in two hybrid latexes with different hydrophobicity level of the alkyd resin. A first part of this paper is dedicated to the understanding of the contrast provided by the surfactant in environmental STEM imaging of latexes. Then, the influence of surfactant-polymer affinity on the surfactant location after film-forming of those hybrid alkyd/acrylate latexes is studied by this technique. It is shown that in the hybrid latex with an alkyd shell (obtained with the most hydrophilic resin), the surfactant molecules tend to remain buried in the alkyd phase. Conversely, in the hybrid latex with an acrylate shell (in the case of the most hydrophobic resin), the surfactant molecules tend to gather into islands like in pure acrylate latex films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Faucheu
- Universite de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, MATEIS, UMR CNRS 5510, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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Vivaygananthan K, Lai PF, Gan SN, Fellows CM, Gilbert RG. A Method for Preparing Low-Allergen Natural Rubber Latex. Aust J Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ch05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The free radical polymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) on the surface of particles in natural rubber latex (NRL) was carried out using an iron(ii)/tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) redox couple initiation system, which results in significant grafting of poly(DMAEMA) to the surface of the particles. Because poly(DMAEMA) functions as an electrosteric stabilizer, this leads to increased colloidal stability, which suggests that the proteinaceous material which normally provides the colloidal stability in NRL can be displaced. This opens the way to preparing barrier products of low allergenicity, because the allergic response from NRL products arises from this proteinaceous material. Dipped and cast films were prepared from the modified NRL and were shown to be of low allergenicity using the IgE-ELISA inhibition assay. Vulcanized films prepared from the modified latex were also found to be of low allergenicity compared to a compounded film of unmodified NRL prepared under similar conditions. The barrier integrity, tensile strength, and elongation at break values of vulcanized films prepared from the modified latex were also equivalent to the unmodified film, and their water sensitivity and ageing characteristics were not significantly different. This suggests that this modified NRL can be used as an effective low-allergy latex for personal barrier products such as surgical gloves.
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