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Tosto C, Saitta L, Latteri A, Cicala G. Epoxy-Based Blend Formulation for Dual Curing in Liquid Crystal Display 3D Printing: A Study on Thermomechanical Properties Variation for Enhanced Printability. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:358. [PMID: 38337247 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the thermal properties of epoxy-acrylate blends for the liquid crystal display (LCD) 3D printing technique. Starting from an epoxy-acrylate blend with a ratio of epoxy to acrylate of 50:50, the effect of adding a reactive monofunctional epoxy diluent was evaluated. The diluent was a resin composed by oxirane, mono[(C12-14 alkyl) methyl] derivatives selected for its low viscosity (i.e., 1.8 Poise) at room temperature and its reactivity. The diluent content varied from 15 to 25 wt% and, for all the formulation, double curing cycles, where thermal curing followed photocuring, were studied. The effect of different curing temperatures was also evaluated. The control of the diluent content and of the curing temperature allowed tailoring of the thermomechanical resin properties while improving the resin's processability. The glass transition ranged from 115.4 °C to 90.8 °C depending on the combination of diluent content and post-curing temperature. The resin developed displayed a faster processing time tested on a reference part with printing time of 4 h and 20 min that was much lower than the printing times (7 and 16 h) observed for the starting formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tosto
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Lorena Saitta
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alberta Latteri
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cicala
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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2
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Vyas A, Mondal S, Kumawat VS, Ghosh SB, Mishra D, Sen J, Khare D, Dubey AK, Nandi SK, Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh S. Biomineralized fluorocanasite-reinforced biocomposite scaffolds demonstrate expedited osteointegration of critical-sized bone defects. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35352. [PMID: 37982372 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of patient-specific bone scaffolds that can expedite bone regeneration has been gaining increased attention, especially for critical-sized bone defects or fractures. Precise adaptation of the scaffold to the region of implantation and reduced surgery times are also crucial at clinical scales. To this end, bioactive fluorcanasite glass-ceramic microparticulates were incorporated within a biocompatible photocurable resin matrix following which the biocomposite resin precursor was 3D-printed with digital light processing method to develop the bone scaffold. The printing parameters were optimized based on spot curing investigation, particle size data, and UV-visible spectrophotometry. In vitro cell culture with MG-63 osteosarcoma cell lines and pH study within simulated body fluid demonstrated a noncytotoxic response of the scaffold samples. Further, the in vivo bone regeneration ability of the 3D-printed biocomposite bone scaffolds was investigated by implantation of the scaffold samples in the rabbit femur bone defect model. Enhanced angiogenesis, osteoblastic, and osteoclastic activities were observed at the bone-scaffold interface, while examining through fluorochrome labelling, histology, radiography, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray microcomputed tomography. Overall, the results demonstrated that the 3D-printed biocomposite bone scaffolds have promising potential for bone loss rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Vyas
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Radiology & Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Vijay Shankar Kumawat
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Subrata Bandhu Ghosh
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dhaneshwar Mishra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale Simulation Research Centre (MSRC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jayant Sen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Santokba Durlabji Memorial Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Khare
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Radiology & Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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3
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Schwartz JJ. Additive manufacturing: Frameworks for chemical understanding and advancement in vat photopolymerization. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:628-641. [PMID: 35845754 PMCID: PMC9274636 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing, or additive manufacturing (AM), is a broad term for a wide range of fabrication methods utilizing materials such as small-molecule, polymer, and metal feedstocks. Each method requires different chemical, physical, and engineering needs to be successful. This article will discuss some of the considerations for polymer-based AM methods. Ultimately, we focus on the chemistries of vat photopolymerization, in which light is used to cure a resin from liquid to solid, to provide an example of how chemical advancements have led to increased speed, resolution, and multimaterial printing capabilities not previously possible.
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Fico D, Rizzo D, Casciaro R, Esposito Corcione C. A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030465. [PMID: 35160455 PMCID: PMC8839523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), one of the most encouraging additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, has fascinated great attention. Although FFF is growing into a manufacturing device with considerable technological and material innovations, there still is a challenge to convert FFF-printed prototypes into functional objects for industrial applications. Polymer components manufactured by FFF process possess, in fact, low and anisotropic mechanical properties, compared to the same parts, obtained by using traditional building methods. The poor mechanical properties of the FFF-printed objects could be attributed to the weak interlayer bond interface that develops during the layer deposition process and to the commercial thermoplastic materials used. In order to increase the final properties of the 3D printed models, several polymer-based composites and nanocomposites have been proposed for FFF process. However, even if the mechanical properties greatly increase, these materials are not all biodegradable. Consequently, their waste disposal represents an important issue that needs an urgent solution. Several scientific researchers have therefore moved towards the development of natural or recyclable materials for FFF techniques. This review details current progress on innovative green materials for FFF, referring to all kinds of possible industrial applications, and in particular to the field of Cultural Heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Daniela Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Raffaele Casciaro
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Deshmane S, Kendre P, Mahajan H, Jain S. Stereolithography 3D printing technology in pharmaceuticals: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1362-1372. [PMID: 34663145 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1994990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is an innovative tool used in manufacturing medical devices, producing alloys, replacing biological tissues, producing customized dosage forms and so on. Stereolithography (SLA), a 3D printing technique, is very rapid and highly accurate and produces finished products of uniform quality. 3D formulations have been optimized with a perfect tool of artificial intelligence learning techniques. Complex designs/shapes can be fabricated through SLA using the photopolymerization principle. Different 3DP technologies are introduced and the most promising of these, SLA, and its commercial applications, are focused on. The high speed and effectiveness of SLA are highlighted. The working principle of SLA, the materials used and applications of the technique in a wide range of different sectors are highlighted in this review. An innovative idea of 3D printing customized pharmaceutical dosage forms is also presented. SLA compromises several advantages over other methods, such as cost effectiveness, controlled integrity of materials and greater speed. The development of SLA has allowed the development of printed pharmaceutical devices. Considering the present trends, it is expected that SLA will be used along with conventional methods of manufacturing of 3D model. This 3D printing technology may be utilized as a novel tool for delivering drugs on demand. This review will be useful for researchers working on 3D printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Deshmane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Prakash Kendre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Hitendra Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Shirish Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
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6
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Bachmann J, Gleis E, Schmölzer S, Fruhmann G, Hinrichsen O. Photo-DSC method for liquid samples used in vat photopolymerization. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1153:338268. [PMID: 33714440 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photo differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC) is an appropriate method to characterize photopolymers used in additive manufacturing (AM). Important process parameters such as optimal ultraviolet (UV) exposure time and reaction heat can be attained by this method. However, achieving reliable and meaningful results from photo-DSC experiments requires careful sample preparation, i.e. the selection of a suitable sample shape, sample mass and sample holder (crucible). The sample shapes drop and spread with 1.0 mg and 2.8 mg sample masses were investigated in this study. Three different times from sample preparation until the start of the measurement (0, 4 and 7 h) were tested, in order to investigate different surface effects such as oxygen-diffusion, prior UV-curing through ambient radiation and evaporation of volatile components. While the 1.0 mg spread sample shape offers the thinnest film thickness (40 μm) and thus the closest comparability to high resolution print jobs, the 2.8 mg drop shape offers a more robust sample preparation with minimized surface effects. To further reduce time-dependent surface effects, this study shows how a preexisting test protocol was shortened from 42 min to 24 min without losing measuring accuracy. Furthermore, to reduce evaporation, different covers were placed on different crucibles, which were tested over time in the device's automated sample changer (ASC) that enables automated and consecutive measurements. The combination of a cold pressed 85 μL crucible covered with a 300 μL Al2O3 crucible, which is removed shortly before the actual measurement, provides the best sample preparation for the ASC since mass loss remains below 1% for up to 10 h. Finally, two two-part resin systems, namely a methacrylate-urethane and an acrylate-epoxy based resin that are used in Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) are characterized part by part as well as in mixed state. Together with the investigation of different temperatures and atmospheres, it was possible to identify not only the part with the photoinitiator and the type of system (radical or cationic), but also a difference between methacrylates and acrylates with the aid of the photo-DSC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Bachmann
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany; BMW Group FIZ, Knorrstraße 147, 80788, Munich, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Gleis
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Stefan Schmölzer
- NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Wittelsbacherstraße 42, 95100, Selb, Germany.
| | | | - Olaf Hinrichsen
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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7
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Abstract
3D printing (also called "additive manufacturing" or "rapid prototyping") is able to translate computer-aided and designed virtual 3D models into 3D tangible constructs/objects through a layer-by-layer deposition approach. Since its introduction, 3D printing has aroused enormous interest among researchers and engineers to understand the fabrication process and composition-structure-property correlation of printed 3D objects and unleash its great potential for application in a variety of industrial sectors. Because of its unique technological advantages, 3D printing can definitely benefit the field of microrobotics and advance the design and development of functional microrobots in a customized manner. This review aims to present a generic overview of 3D printing for functional microrobots. The most applicable 3D printing techniques, with a focus on laser-based printing, are introduced for the 3D microfabrication of microrobots. 3D-printable materials for fabricating microrobots are reviewed in detail, including photopolymers, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels, and cell-laden hydrogels. The representative applications of 3D-printed microrobots with rational designs heretofore give evidence of how these printed microrobots are being exploited in the medical, environmental, and other relevant fields. A future outlook on the 3D printing of microrobots is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic. and Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-61600, Czech Republic and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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8
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Lastovickova DN, Toulan FR, Mitchell JR, VanOosten D, Clay AM, Stanzione JF, Palmese GR, La Scala JJ. Resin, cure, and polymer properties of photopolymerizable resins containing
bio‐derived
isosorbide. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Faye R. Toulan
- CCDC‐Army Research Laboratory FCDD‐RLW‐M Aberdeen Maryland USA
| | | | - David VanOosten
- CCDC‐Army Research Laboratory FCDD‐RLW‐M Aberdeen Maryland USA
| | - Anthony M. Clay
- CCDC‐Army Research Laboratory FCDD‐RLW‐M Aberdeen Maryland USA
| | - Joseph F. Stanzione
- Department of Chemical Engineering Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Giuseppe R. Palmese
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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9
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Topa M, Ortyl J. Moving Towards a Finer Way of Light-Cured Resin-Based Restorative Dental Materials: Recent Advances in Photoinitiating Systems Based on Iodonium Salts. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4093. [PMID: 32942676 PMCID: PMC7560344 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced polymerization of monomers is currently an essential tool in various industries. The photopolymerization process plays an increasingly important role in biomedical applications. It is especially used in the production of dental composites. It also exhibits unique properties, such as a short time of polymerization of composites (up to a few seconds), low energy consumption, and spatial resolution (polymerization only in irradiated areas). This paper describes a short overview of the history and classification of different typical monomers and photoinitiating systems such as bimolecular photoinitiator system containing camphorquinone and aromatic amine, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione, phosphine derivatives, germanium derivatives, hexaarylbiimidazole derivatives, silane-based derivatives and thioxanthone derivatives used in the production of dental composites with their limitations and disadvantages. Moreover, this article represents the challenges faced when using the latest inventions in the field of dental materials, with a particular focus on photoinitiating systems based on iodonium salts. The beneficial properties of dental composites cured using initiation systems based on iodonium salts have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Topa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
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10
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Wang B, Liu J, Chen K, Wang Y, Shao Z. Three‐Dimensional Printing of Methacrylic Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystal‐Reinforced Nanocomposites With Improved Properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its DerivativesSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology 100081 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its DerivativesSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology 100081 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ken Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its DerivativesSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology 100081 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its DerivativesSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology 100081 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its DerivativesSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology 100081 Beijing People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang B, Ding G, Chen K, Jia S, Wei J, Wang Y, He R, Shao Z. A physical and chemical double enhancement strategy for 3D printing of cellulose reinforced nanocomposite. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Guojiao Ding
- Institute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Ken Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Shuai Jia
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Jie Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Institute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Rujie He
- Institute of Advanced Structure TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Ziqiang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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12
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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13
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Kocaarslan A, Kütahya C, Keil D, Yagci Y, Strehmel B. Near‐IR and UV‐LED Sensitized Photopolymerization with Onium Salts Comprising Anions of Different Nucleophilicities. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azra Kocaarslan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface ChemistryNiederrhein Univeristy of Applied Sciences Adlerstr. 1 D-47798 Krefeld Germany
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical University Maslak, Ayazaga Campus 34469 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ceren Kütahya
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface ChemistryNiederrhein Univeristy of Applied Sciences Adlerstr. 1 D-47798 Krefeld Germany
| | - Dietmar Keil
- FEW Chemicals GmbHOrtsteil Wolfen Technikumstraße 1 D-06766 Bitterfeld-Wolfen Germany
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical University Maslak, Ayazaga Campus 34469 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface ChemistryNiederrhein Univeristy of Applied Sciences Adlerstr. 1 D-47798 Krefeld Germany
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14
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Invernizzi M, Suriano R, Muscatello A, Turri S, Levi M. Near‐visible stereolithography of a low shrinkage cationic/free‐radical photopolymer blend and its nanocomposite. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Invernizzi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Raffaella Suriano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Allegra Muscatello
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Stefano Turri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Marinella Levi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan Italy
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15
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Ortyl J, Topa M, Kamińska-Borek I, Popielarz R. Mechanism of interaction of aminocoumarins with reaction medium during cationic photopolymerization of triethylene glycol divinyl ether. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Laser Additive Manufacturing Processes for Near Net Shape Components. MATERIALS FORMING, MACHINING AND TRIBOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10579-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Yang Z, Wu G, Wang S, Xu M, Feng X. Dynamic postpolymerization of 3D-printed photopolymer nanocomposites: Effect of cellulose nanocrystal and postcure temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150040 China
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Québec City Québec G1V0A6 Canada
| | - Guomin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province; Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Nanjing Jiangsu 210042 China
| | - Siqun Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150040 China
| | - Xinhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150040 China
- Center for Renewable Carbon; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
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18
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Esposito Corcione C, Gervaso F, Scalera F, Montagna F, Maiullaro T, Sannino A, Maffezzoli A. 3D printing of hydroxyapatite polymer-based composites for bone tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2016-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Skeletal defects reconstruction, using custom-made substitutes, represents a valid solution to replacing lost and damaged anatomical bone structures, renew their original function, and at the same time, restore the original aesthetic aspect. Rapid prototyping (RP) techniques allow the construction of complex physical models based on 3D clinical images. However, RP machines usually work with synthetic polymers; therefore, producing custom-made scaffolds using a biocompatible material directly by RP is an exciting challenge. The aim of the present work is to investigate the potentiality of 3D printing as a manufacturing method to produce an osteogenic hydroxyapatite-polylactic acid bone graft substitute.
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19
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Ligon SC, Liska R, Stampfl J, Gurr M, Mülhaupt R. Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10212-10290. [PMID: 28756658 PMCID: PMC5553103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1140] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) alias 3D printing translates computer-aided design (CAD) virtual 3D models into physical objects. By digital slicing of CAD, 3D scan, or tomography data, AM builds objects layer by layer without the need for molds or machining. AM enables decentralized fabrication of customized objects on demand by exploiting digital information storage and retrieval via the Internet. The ongoing transition from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing prompts new challenges for mechanical engineers and materials scientists alike. Because polymers are by far the most utilized class of materials for AM, this Review focuses on polymer processing and the development of polymers and advanced polymer systems specifically for AM. AM techniques covered include vat photopolymerization (stereolithography), powder bed fusion (SLS), material and binder jetting (inkjet and aerosol 3D printing), sheet lamination (LOM), extrusion (FDM, 3D dispensing, 3D fiber deposition, and 3D plotting), and 3D bioprinting. The range of polymers used in AM encompasses thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, hydrogels, functional polymers, polymer blends, composites, and biological systems. Aspects of polymer design, additives, and processing parameters as they relate to enhancing build speed and improving accuracy, functionality, surface finish, stability, mechanical properties, and porosity are addressed. Selected applications demonstrate how polymer-based AM is being exploited in lightweight engineering, architecture, food processing, optics, energy technology, dentistry, drug delivery, and personalized medicine. Unparalleled by metals and ceramics, polymer-based AM plays a key role in the emerging AM of advanced multifunctional and multimaterial systems including living biological systems as well as life-like synthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Clark Ligon
- Laboratory
for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, The
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Applied
Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied
Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute of Applied
Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Matthias Gurr
- H.
B. Fuller Deutschland GmbH, An der Roten Bleiche 2-3, Lüneburg D-21335, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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20
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Ligon SC, Liska R, Stampfl J, Gurr M, Mülhaupt R. Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074 impact factor 2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Clark Ligon
- Laboratory
for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Matthias Gurr
- H. B. Fuller Deutschland GmbH, An der Roten Bleiche 2-3, Lüneburg D-21335, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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21
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Feng X, Yang Z, Chmely S, Wang Q, Wang S, Xie Y. Lignin-coated cellulose nanocrystal filled methacrylate composites prepared via 3D stereolithography printing: Mechanical reinforcement and thermal stabilization. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 169:272-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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22
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Guzmán D, Mateu B, Fernández-Francos X, Ramis X, Serra A. Novel thermal curing of cycloaliphatic resins by thiol-epoxy click process with several multifunctional thiols. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dailyn Guzmán
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; University Rovira i Virgili; Spain
| | - Blai Mateu
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; University Rovira i Virgili; Spain
| | | | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory; ETSEIB University Politècnica de Catalunya; Spain
| | - Angels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; University Rovira i Virgili; Spain
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23
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Esposito Corcione C, Gervaso F, Scalera F, Montagna F, Sannino A, Maffezzoli A. The feasibility of printing polylactic acid-nanohydroxyapatite composites using a low-cost fused deposition modeling 3D printer. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Esposito Corcione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Francesca Gervaso
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Francesca Scalera
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Francesco Montagna
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Alfonso Maffezzoli
- Department of Engineering for Innovation; University of Salento; Via Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
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25
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Janusziewicz R, Tumbleston JR, Quintanilla AL, Mecham SJ, DeSimone JM. Layerless fabrication with continuous liquid interface production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11703-11708. [PMID: 27671641 PMCID: PMC5081641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605271113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing popularity of 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), the technique has not developed beyond the realm of rapid prototyping. This confinement of the field can be attributed to the inherent flaws of layer-by-layer printing and, in particular, anisotropic mechanical properties that depend on print direction, visible by the staircasing surface finish effect. Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) is an alternative approach to AM that capitalizes on the fundamental principle of oxygen-inhibited photopolymerization to generate a continual liquid interface of uncured resin between the growing part and the exposure window. This interface eliminates the necessity of an iterative layer-by-layer process, allowing for continuous production. Herein we report the advantages of continuous production, specifically the fabrication of layerless parts. These advantages enable the fabrication of large overhangs without the use of supports, reduction of the staircasing effect without compromising fabrication time, and isotropic mechanical properties. Combined, these advantages result in multiple indicators of layerless and monolithic fabrication using CLIP technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Janusziewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Adam L Quintanilla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Sue J Mecham
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Joseph M DeSimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; Carbon, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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26
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Fantino E, Chiappone A, Calignano F, Fontana M, Pirri F, Roppolo I. In Situ Thermal Generation of Silver Nanoparticles in 3D Printed Polymeric Structures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E589. [PMID: 28773716 PMCID: PMC5456854 DOI: 10.3390/ma9070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites have always attracted the interest of researchers and industry because of their potential combination of properties from both the nanofillers and the hosting matrix. Gathering nanomaterials and 3D printing could offer clear advantages and numerous new opportunities in several application fields. Embedding nanofillers in a polymeric matrix could improve the final material properties but usually the printing process gets more difficult. Considering this drawback, in this paper we propose a method to obtain polymer nanocomposites by in situ generation of nanoparticles after the printing process. 3D structures were fabricated through a Digital Light Processing (DLP) system by disolving metal salts in the starting liquid formulation. The 3D fabrication is followed by a thermal treatment in order to induce in situ generation of metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the polymer matrix. Comprehensive studies were systematically performed on the thermo-mechanical characteristics, morphology and electrical properties of the 3D printed nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fantino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino 10129, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Center for Sustainable Futures@PoliTo, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Trento, 21, Torino 10129, Italy.
| | - Flaviana Calignano
- Center for Sustainable Futures@PoliTo, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Trento, 21, Torino 10129, Italy.
| | - Marco Fontana
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino 10129, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Pirri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino 10129, Italy.
- Center for Sustainable Futures@PoliTo, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Trento, 21, Torino 10129, Italy.
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Center for Sustainable Futures@PoliTo, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Trento, 21, Torino 10129, Italy.
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Kim JS, Noh ST, Kweon JO, Cho BS. Photopolymerization kinetic studies of UV-curable sulfur-containing difunctional acrylate monomers using photo-DSC. Macromol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-015-3053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Photochemical Production of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Simultaneous Initiation of Radical and Cationic Polymerization Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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29
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Corcione CE. Development and characterization of novel photopolymerizable formulations for stereolithography. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2013-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Novel photopolymerizable formulations, able to photopolymerize with a dual mechanism (cationic and radical), were developed and characterized as potential resins for stereolithography (SL) process. The influence of the presence of organically modified boehmite nanoparticles on the properties of the photopolymerizable mixtures was also analyzed. The main properties required for a liquid SL resin are a high reactivity and a low viscosity. All of the experimental formulations produced, even in the presence of boehmite nanoparticles, are able to satisfy these significant requirements. Physical-mechanical and thermal properties of the photocured samples, obtained starting from the experimental formulations, were finally measured. The cured nanocomposite bars show a high transparency, confirming the good dispersion of the nanofiller in the polymeric matrix and possess improved glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical performances, compared to the unfilled system and to a commercial stereolithographic resin. These results suggest the possibility of using the novel nanofilled photopolymerizable suspensions in the stereolithographic apparatus to build, not only esthetical, but also functional prototypes.
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30
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Eom HS, Jessop JL, Scranton AB. Photoinitiated cationic copolymerizations: Effects of the oligomer structure and composition. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Corakci B, Hacioglu SO, Toppare L, Bulut U. Long wavelength photosensitizers in photoinitiated cationic polymerization: The effect of quinoxaline derivatives on photopolymerization. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Photopolymerization Reactions: On the Way to a Green and Sustainable Chemistry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/app3020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Corcione CE, Cataldi A, Frigione M. Measurements of size distribution nanoparticles in ultraviolet-curable methacrylate-based boehmite nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Ameduri B, Bongiovanni R, Sangermano M, Priola A. Fluorinated hydroxytelechelic polybutadiene as additive in cationic photopolymerization of an epoxy resin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Scherzer T, Buchmeiser MR. Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Cycloaliphatic Epoxide/Vinyl Ether Systems Studied by Near-Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Fernández-Francos X, Salla JM, Cadenato A, Morancho JM, Mantecón A, Serra A, Ramis X. Novel thermosets obtained by UV-induced cationic copolymerization of DGEBA with an spirobislactone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Zeng Z, Yang J, Pang L, Chen Y. Photoinitiated cationic polymerization of urethane vinyl ether crystalline monomers. POLYM INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Corcione CE, Greco A, Maffezzoli A. Temperature evolution during stereolithography building with a commercial epoxy resin. POLYM ENG SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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39
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Corcione CE, Greco A, Maffezzoli A. Time–temperature and time-irradiation intensity superposition for photopolymerization of an epoxy based resin. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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